BIOLOGY I

UNIT ELEVEN: THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Introduction

The complexity of the human organism continues to perplex scientists. The understanding of the human body is vital to both physical, social and emotional health issues. Adolescents are faced with many choices that will impact their own body. These choices are made, many times, without a full understanding of the consequences that may result.

In an effort to help students understand the consequences, Xaverian Brothers High School has created an interdisciplinary approach to health education. Many other disciplines will focus on the social and emotional consequences related to choices students are faced with during their adolescent period. The science department hopes to provide the foundation to understand the physical ramifications related to those choices. Therefore, this unit will focus on providing students with a basic understanding of the systemic anatomy and physiology of the human organism.

Core Terminology

The following terminology will used within this unit. Students will be responsible for the terminology listed below.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems Exocrine gland

Neuron Thyroid gland

Impulse Adrenal gland

Sensory neuron Adrenal Cortex

Motor neuron Adrenal Medulla

Interneuron Gonad

Cell body Testis

Dendrite Pancreas

Axon Islet of Langerhans

Axon terminal Pituitary Gland

Resting potential Hypothalamus

Action potential Negative Feedback Loop

Myelin Prostaglandin

Threshold

Receptor Skeletal, Muscular and

Effector Integumentary Systems

Neurotransmitter Periosteum

Central nervous system Haversian Canal

Peripheral nervous system Osteocyte

Cerebrum Bone marrow

Cerebral cortex Cartilage

Medulla oblongata Ossification

Pons Joint

Brainstem Ligament

Cerebellum Skeletal muscle

Midbrain Smooth muscle

Thalamus Cardiac muscle

Hypothalamus Myosin

Reflex Actin

Somatic nervous system Cross-bridge

Autonomic nervous system Sliding Filament Theory

Reflex arc Tendon

Sympathetic nervous system Epidermis

Parasympathetic nervous system Dermis

Hormone Hair follicle

Target cell/tissue nail matrix

Endocrine gland

Digestive System Excretory System

Digestion Kidney

Gatrointestinal tract Ureter

Bolus Urinary bladder

Pharynx Nephron

Epiglottis Glomerulus

Esophagus Bowman’s capsule

Peristalsis Filtration

Sphincter Reabsorption

Stomach Urethra

Chyme

Pyloric valve Reproductive System

Duodenum Testis

Small intestine Androgen

Pancreas Ovary

Liver Estrogen

Gall bladder Puberty

Villus Gonad

Large intestine Scrotum

Colon Seminiferous tubule

Testosterone

Respiratory System Epididymus

Internal respiration Vas deferens

External Respiration Seminal Fluid

Pharynx Semen

Larynx Urethra

Trachea Penis

Vocal cord Ovum

Bronchus Primary Follicle

Lung Ovulation

Bronchiole Fallopian tube

Alveolus Uterus

Inhalation Vagina

Exhalation Menopause

Diaphragm Menstrual Cycle

Hemoglobin Corpus Luteum

Progesterone

Circulatory System Zygote

Heart Ectoderm

Atrium Mesoderm

Ventricle Endoderm

Vena cava Placenta

Artery Fetus

Aorta Umbilical cord

Capillary Amniotic sac

Vein

Pulmonary circulation Immune System

Systemic circulation Nonspecific defense

Blood pressure Inflammatory response

Lymphatic system Lymph node

Blood Interferon

Plasma Specific defense

Red blood cell Antigen

White blood cell Lymphocyte

Platelet Antibody

Immune System

Agglutination

Primary immune response

B-lymphocyte

T-lymphocyte

Secondary immune response

Vaccination

Active immunity

Passive immunity

Killer T cells

Cell mediated immunity

Rejection