Title: Fundamental Human Conjecture
Subtitle: A Philosophical Model of Identical Universes, Lives and Minds
Author: Xinyan Zhang
E-mail: reex9@yahoo.com
Website: www.oocities.org/reex9/
11 conjectures are presented in this article as the logical outcomes of
the primary conjecture: “Everything
exists arises from and ends in one thing; everything exists is composed of and
also composes the same thing”. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th
conjectures explain the identical essence of matter, energy, space and time, also describe the states at the beginning and end of
our universe, and the states before its beginning and after its end. The next 3
conjectures unveil the essence of life, define two kinds of lives with contrary
natures, and present a hypothesis on the origin of the biological lives on the earth. The 8th
conjecture presents the concept of the ultimate basic organisation of life. The
9th shows the general organisation of the human mind and the 10th
explains the essence of consciousness and principles of the human mind. The
last 2 conjectures discuss the existing form and course of individual human
self, and the meaning of human existence.
No matter how little we might be aware of them, it is
a fact that, because we exist as human beings in the middle of time and space,
all our thoughtful actions, all religions, all moral standards, all scientific
laws and theories, all social and economic systems are fundamentally based upon
some conjectures, which may be called as fundamental human conjectures
in distinguishing themselves from guesses in common sense.
What presented in this article is a
logical system composed of 12 such conjectures, which is based on an ancient
believe, the first conjecture of the article: “Everything exists
arises from and ends in one thing; everything exists is composed of and also
composes the same thing”. This
thing was called as Tao by the
ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu, as Apeiron by the ancient Greek
philosopher Anaximander, as Noumenon by the German philosopher Kant, as Singularity by the British theoretical
physicist Hawking and other physicists, is more commonly called as Thing-in-itself nowadays... and will
be called as Reex in this article.
There are things called by us as existence and the whole of all the
existing things is then called as Universe.
Scientists say, our universe
began at a time point so called as Big Bang and has afterwards undergone an
evolution of about 14,000 millions of years. Now the universe, at its most
macroscopic level, is an immense but not boundless space containing thousands
of millions of moving galaxy clusters, their magnetic and gravitational fields,
and the 2.73°K cosmic microwave background radiation. Each cluster
is an aggregate of thousands of galaxies and each galaxy is in turn composed of
millions of asters. More than one thousand million asters and large amounts of
interstellar gas and dust consist of our Milky Way Galaxy. The sun travels with
a speed of about 200 kilometres per second, orbiting the centre of the Milky
Way Galaxy in a period of approximately 200 million years, and the earth orbits
in turn around the sun once in about 365 days. The earth, with a total surface
area 509.6 million square kilometres and a total mass of 6x1024
kilograms is the home for about 8 millions of species including human beings.
Each one of the living and non-living things that consists of the earth is a
huge organisation of different atoms. Different atoms have different nuclei
that are made up of different numbers of protons and neutrons. Each proton or
neutron is in turn a combination of different quarks and leptons.
However, the second conjecture of this article
holds the view that all the things described above are nothing intrinsic to the
Reex itself but only intermediate products in the
course where the Reex that appear as the human mind
and its environment change into each other. Such intermediate products may be
called as consciousness, memory or behaviour.
At the same time, the second conjecture believes that
there is an absolute existence, the Reex, which is
different in 3 aspects from any consciousness, memory and behaviour:
1. The Reex is the one
and the only existence. Though consciousness, memory and behaviours may appear,
disappear or change, the Reex itself can not be
created or destroyed, can not be gained or lost, and can not be changed by
itself or by anything else.
2. Never staying as it is, the Reex is an eternal motion and autonomic change, but not are
any consciousness, memory and behaviours.
3. Though consciousness, memory and behaviours are various and different to each other, all the Reex are always the same and of absolute self-identity.
It is assumed by the third conjecture that
there are 4 states in one of which the whole of the Reex
has to be. The differences of those states, however, exist only relatively to
our minds but not to the Reex itself.
Among the 4 states, there are two extreme ones that
are opposite to each other and two intermediate ones also opposite to each
other. The Reex in both of the two extreme states are
called as pure Reex and the extreme phenomena
they appear as are called as pure phenomena. The Reex
in both of the two intermediate states are called dual Reex,
and the intermediate phenomena they appear are called dual phenomena.
The difference of the two dual Reex is that one of
them is changing towards the state of one pure Reex,
and another towards the state of the opposite pure Reex.
All Reex appear as the same when in the same state
but never the same when in different states. The dual Reex
appear as all the phenomena intermediate between the two opposite groups of
pure phenomena, and their appearances change correspondingly as they change to
either directions.
Some interesting results may be achieved by expanding some fundamental scientific concepts with the logic of the 4 states:
1. Energy and Matter
If expanding the concept pair, energy
and matter, with the logic of the 4 states, then one of the pure Reex
may be called as the pure energy and the opposite pure Reex may be called as the pure matter. The phenomena
of the pure energy are what the Reex appears as when
all the Reex gather within each other and go together
in a one-way motion along one path of straight line, and the phenomena of the
pure matter is the phenomena that the Reex appear as
when all the Reex disperse from each other and each
goes in a reciprocating motion along extremely large numbers of paths of
straight line. The pure energy has the highest Reex
density and the pure matter has the lowest Reex
density. Both of the densities are not the same as the concept of mass in
physics. The dual Reex may be described separately as
either a Reex individual or as a Reex whole composed of all the Reex individuals. All dual Reex
individuals run along one path of one-way motion and one or more paths of
reciprocating motions at the same time, and therefore appear as both energy and
matter at the same time. No dual Reex may have the Reex density as high as the pure energy or as low as the
pure matter, and no dual Reex may have so many paths
as the pure matter or so few path as the pure energy. However, one dual Reex individual may be called as dual energy when
comparing with another it appears faster, hotter, thicker in density, more
changing, more microscopic, more unified, more synchronous, more symmetric,
more evenly and equally distributed and having more time; otherwise, it may be
called as dual matter when comparing with another it appears slower,
colder, thinner in density, less changing, more macroscopic, more different,
more asynchronous, more asymmetric, less evenly and equally distributed and having
less time.
2. Microstate and Macrostate
We may also expand the concept pair, macrostate and microstate,
with the logic of the 4 states. Then, the
pure macrostate is what the pure matter appears and
the pure microstate is what the pure energy appears. Not like the pure Reex, the dual Reex always
appears as both macrostate and microstate at the same
time. The macrostate is the appearances of its
reciprocating motion and microstate the appearances of its one-way motion.
Though there are always phenomena of both macrostate
and microstate in a dual Reex whole, one special macrostate are only accompanied by another special
microstate and both change correspondingly. In a universe of the dual Reex whole, either its microstate is decreasing and its macrostate is increasing or vice versa, we are not allowed
to use the microstate to explain the macrostate or
vice versa, because there is no cause-and-effect relation between them, they
are only of co-existences. For example, we may not say cells are more essential
than the body or particles are more fundamental than the whole universe.
3. Time and Space
We may also expand the concept pair, time and space,
with the logic of the 4 states. Then the
phenomena of pure energy or pure microstate may be considered as pure time
and pure matter or pure macrostate as pure space.
There is neither time nor space wherever there is no Reex.
All the phenomena of time reflect Reex's motion along
one-way path and all the phenomena of space reflect Reex's
motion along reciprocating paths. The time can be measured as the speed of Reex's one-way motion and its density, and the space can be
measured as numbers of the reciprocating paths of Reex's
motion and their lengths. Dual Reex individual that
runs along one reciprocating path may appear as a one-dimension object, called
as a Reex string, and that along two or
three reciprocating paths at the same time may appear as a two or
three-dimension object, called as a Reex
plane or a Reex body. All the
reciprocating paths that one dual Reex individual
runs along at the same time, may be called as the dual
Reex individual’s Reex
field. The fields of the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, the
electromagnetic force and the gravitational force are also Reex
fields and spaces, though they are Reex fields and
spaces with different Reex densities, different
reciprocating paths and different complex structures. As space gravitational field is the most macroscopic one of them, may therefore be called as
“gravitational space”
There is an interdependent relation between a dual Reex individual’s Reex field and
its one-way path. The number of a dual Reex
individual’s reciprocating paths will increase when it loses energy and will
decrease when it gains energy. Though such changes in the speed of the one-way
path may be continuous, they are discontinuous in the number of the
reciprocating paths. For instance, a non-superconductor may change into a
superconductor when it loses energy and gains more reciprocating paths; a
photon may be emitted when it gains more energy and loses one reciprocating
path; and a Reex individual will have more
gravitational mass when it contains less energy but less gravitational mass
when it contains more energy, which might be the reason why our universe did
not stay as a black hole even though it started in a state of extremely high
density.
There is time but no space in the pure energy, which
may be called as pure time, and there is space but no time in the pure
matter, which may be called as pure space. There are both time and space
in the whole or individuals of dual Reex, but never
so much time as that in the pure energy and never so much space as that in the
pure matter. When comparing one dual Reex individual
with another, one of them may be called as dual time and another dual
space.
The law of group identification
There still are many other pairs of concepts, such as
continuity and discontinuity, order and disorder, motion and state, homogeneity
and heterogeneity and so on, that may also be expanded with the logic
of the 4 states. This implies that energy,
microstate, time and so on are one same thing, and matter, macrostate,
space and so on are another same thing. The essential
identification among all the concepts within each of the two opposite groups
may be called as the law of group identification. According to this law,
we may pair any concept from one group with any concept from the opposite
group, which have the same function as all the concept pairs mentioned above.
For example, we may pair energy from one group with space from the opposite
group, and then achieve the result: All that exist are different space or
different energy moving in the space or their interchange. Curved space may
cause light
curved travelling because the space is light’s conductor. Space in this
sense is not only conductor, medium, carrier, container for light but also for
all sort of energy.
According to the law of group identification, the space of our universe and gravitational fields are one same thing, are both
the appearances of certain reciprocating paths, are
both the appearances of Reex’s macrostate.
Therefore, we should not try to find their explanation from certain microstate.
Gravitational field is generated from the energy that moves object running along reciprocating paths
When two Reex field run into each other, the parts of their
reciprocating motions towards to each other will appear more and more like
energy and the parts in the opposite direction more and more like matter.
In a wholes of dual Reex, the more reciprocating
paths a body possesses, the more gravitational mass it does. Therefore,
the equation below may replace the concept of the gravitational
mass, where the M is the mass a body possesses, n is the mean quantity of its
reciprocating paths, s is the mean
speed of its one-way motion.
M = n/s
There is no space or gravitational field in the whole
of pure energy, since there is no reciprocating path in it. There are spaces
and gravitational fields in both wholes of dual Reex,
but the phenomena of spaces and gravitational fields increase in one of them
and decrease in another. There is extremely strong gravitational field and
extremely large space in the whole of pure matter, but no one-way path, no
energy, no time, no life, no atoms and no dark matter in it.
It is the fourth conjecture that assumes the Reex whole may not be in two or more of the 4 states at the
same time, nor remain in any of them for ever, but must change into each of its
four states in turn. Therefore, the existence of the Reex
whole appears as a cycle of constant changing among the four states. The
appearance of the cycle is, therefore, composed of one point of pure energy,
one point of pure matter and two periods of dual phenomena with opposite
directions. Let us call such a cycle of the Reex
whole as the year cycle, and call its pure matter point as winter
universe (U. Winter), its pure energy point as summer universe (U.
Summer), the intermediate period changing towards the pure energy point as spring
universe (U. Spring), and the another as autumn
universe (U. Autumn). The direction of the year cycle's evolution is from
U. Spring, through U. Summer and then U. Autumn, to U. Winter, and finally
returns to U. Spring again.
During U. Spring, the Reex
whole gathers into itself gradually and repeatedly, and has fewer and fewer
reciprocating paths, fewer and fewer appearances of matter and space, but more
and more appearances of energy and time. Different from a collapse, the U.
Spring is a course of gradually and repeatedly consuming dual matter and
producing dual energy. At the point of U. Summer, all the Reex
gathers into one one-way path and all phenomena of reciprocating path, such as
gravity and space, disappear. During the period of U. Autumn, the Reex whole disperses from itself gradually and repeatedly.
Reciprocating paths reappear and increase and the universe changes from an
existence of one dimension into multidimensional world,
and gets bigger and bigger, colder and colder, more and more different and
unequal. Accordingly its time becomes less and faster. Different from an
explosion as that in the Big-Bang hypothesis, the U. Autumn is a course of
gradually and repeatedly consuming dual energy and producing dual matter. At
the point of U. Winter, all the one-way paths disappear and the Reex whole disperses into the pure matter with extremely
large number of reciprocating paths in an extremely large space. Attracted by
the extremely strong gravity of the pure matter, the Reex
whole gathers up and enters U. Spring again.
There are many sub-year-cycles (Suby)
in either the U. Spring or the U. Autumn. Each of the Subys
is composed of SU. Spring,
SU. Summer, SU.
Autumn and SU.
Winter.
The differences between the Suby and the year cycle
are: The SU. Summer in a Suby is composed of dual
energy, not pure energy, and the SU. Winter is composed of dual matter, not
pure matter. Both SU. Summer and SU.
Winter of a Suby will become more and more like pure
energy in the U. Spring but more and more like pure matter in the U. Autumn. In
different Subys there are SU. Autumns
with different initial states, different lengths of their courses, different
proportion of non-baryonic dark matter and different lives in them. Not
in all of the SU. Autumns may the human beings arise and exist. Through the
gradually and repeatedly grinding of the sub cycles, the pure energy is
digested by the U. Autumn and the pure matter is digested by the U. Spring.
Since atomic nuclei had appeared before human beings came
into being, therefore, we do not only live in a whole of dual Reex but also in an U. Autumn. Though an U. Autumn is a
natural development of an U. Summer, nothing exists in the U. Autumn may have
existed in the U. Summer. None of the atoms, asters, plants, animals or human
beings existed at the beginning point of our U. Autumn and have all been
created afterwards by the development of the U. Autumn. The creative change
happened in this development is called as life. Though life does not
exist everywhere in our universe, it certainly does not occur only in
biological bodies like living plants and animals either.
Life is the appearances of the Reex.
However, not all but only the dual Reex may appear as
life, and not all but only some of the dual Reex that
are in the following 3 states may appear as life. The Reex
in these 3 states are called the pure life, the spring life and
the autumn life. These 3 kinds of lives are the fifth conjecture
of this article.
The pure life is the dynamic equilibrium state in which
certain dual energy gains more reciprocating paths and changes continuously
into a relevant dual matter and simultaneously the dual matter loses
reciprocating paths and changes continuously back to the relevant dual energy,
and all the changes lead to neither increase nor decrease of the total amount
of the matter and energy in the environment where the changes occur. The year
cycle itself may be regarded as a pure life existing in time, and the pure life
of dual Reex individuals may be regarded as a year
cycle existing in a local space.
Because all the dual Reex
must become more and more like either the pure energy or the pure matter,
therefore, the life must also change towards either direction. The life that
becomes more and more like the pure matter, the same direction of the U.
Autumn, is called the autumn life; and the life that becomes more and more like
the pure energy, the same direction of the U. Spring, is called the spring
life. Their directions determine that the spring life consumes matter and
produces energy and the autumn life consumes energy and produces matter. For
instance, in comparison, the lives that produce the solar energy are spring
lives, and the lives that compose the plants or the animals that live directly
or indirectly on the solar energy are autumn lives. The second law of
thermodynamics reflects only the direction of the U. Autumn, and is, therefore,
not applicable to the whole of the year cycle or a Suby,
or any system in which there is a spring life.
There is no
life in either U. Summer or U. Winter because there is no dual Reex in them. There are both spring life and autumn life in
both U. Spring and U. Autumn. However, U. Spring is predominated by the spring
live and U. Autumn by the autumn life.
Among all the energy that participate in the changes
of an individual life, the portion of energy that is changing from energy into
matter is called the energy component of life, and the rest portion of
the energy is called the direct energy environment of life. Among all
the matter that participate in the changes of an individual life, the portion
of matter that is changing from matter into energy is called the matter
component of life, and the rest portion of the matter is called the
direct matter environment of life. The portions of energy and matter
participating in the changes of an individual life become either its components
or its direct environment at random. All the rest of the dual Reex that coexist
with an individual life but are neither its component nor its direct environment
are called the indirect environment of the life. The indirect
environment may contain innumerable local indirect environments of the
life. For one individual life, there may be a large number of local indirect
environments but only one indirect environment. There may be many identical or different lives
existing in one indirect environment. Shared local indirect environments may
connect the direct environments of different lives together, through which
different lives may exchange matter and energy with each other. Those exchanges
do not lead to any change in the total amount of the matter and energy in the
indirect environment, but do lead to the formation of interrelation among the
lives in it. And such interrelations among different lives appear as relation,
form, structures and processes of the indirect environment.
All the changes of the Spring
life and the
Autumn life may be divided further into 2 groups, called the quantity change
of life and the quality change of life. The quantity changes of life
are the changes in the quantity of the matter and the energy that compose the
direct environment, and the consequential changes in the components of life.
The quality changes of life are the changes in the form of the matter and
energy that compose the direct environment of the life, and the consequential
changes in the relations of matter and energy exchanges among individual lives
in the indirect environment. The results of the quantity changes of life are
the occurrence and disappearance of lives in the indirect environment of life,
and the results of the quality changes of life are the occurrence and
disappearance of relations, forms, structures and processes in the indirect
environment of life.
The quantity change of life may lead to the disappearance
of either matter components or energy components of a life, both of which are
considered as the death of the life. If the change is towards the
direction of the U. Spring, there will be more and more energy and/or less and
less matter in the direct environment of a life, less and less its energy
components change into its matter components, and more and more its matter
components change into its energy components, until all its matter components
disappear. The state in which a life loses all its matter components is called the
hot death of the life. If the change is towards the direction of the U.
Autumn, there will be less and less energy in the direct environment of a life,
less and less the energy components of the life change into its matter components,
and less and less its matter components change into energy components, until
all its energy components disappear. The state in which a life loses all its
energy components is called the cold death of the life.
The remnant matter components of a life after its cold
death are called frozons or frozon individually. An adult human body is composed
of about 1027 of atomic nuclei and the electrons around them. All of
the atomic nuclei are such frozons. Whenever producing
a frozon, an autumn life also produces some energy at
the same time, which may be called as thin energy. The thin energy is
lower in its Reex density than the energy component
of the autumn life that produces it and the frozon.
The quality changes of life do not directly lead to
any death of lives but lead to the changes in matter and energy exchange
relations among all the lives in the indirect environment. Such changes may
cause the death of a pair of relevant lives at the same time, one of which is the
hot death and another the cold death, called together as the organisation
death. Whenever the quality changes of life cause the disappearance of
lives, it will cause the occurrence of another lives
at the same time, and cause consequent changes in the relations, forms,
structures and processes in the indirect environment. The organisation death
happens all the time in the evolution of species and the development of
individual organisms.
The occurrence and disappearance of individual lives
in an indirect environment cause the occurrence and disappearance of relations
of matter and energy exchange among different lives. The processes in which new
and existing individual lives rebuild their relations and integrate with each
other in an indirect environment are called the reorganisation of the
indirect environment. Reorganisation is the changes that obey
The organisation of any indirect environment where the
autumn lives predominate will become more and more complex as time goes on and
where the spring lives predominate will get more and more simplified. A human
body is such a local indirect environment in which the autumn lives predominate
over the spring lives.
Both the quantity changes and the quality changes can
be further divided into 2 groups of different changes, called the determined
change of life and the random change of life. The determined changes
are the matter or quantity changes of life that follow the direction of the
year cycle, and the random changes are the matter or quantity changes of life
that follow the direction of pure life. All the changes of life are both
determined change and random change at the same time. And both determined and random
changes will equally lead to the reorganisation of the indirect environment of
life.
Our U. Autumn rose from the pure energy state of a U.
Summer about 14 thousand million years ago, and will fall to the pure matter
state of a U. Winter probably 1026 years later. Changing from the
pure energy to the pure matter, the U. Autumn itself is a long course composed
of extreme large number of intermediate states of the dual Reex.
Everything that exists in it originates from one of the states, is itself one
of the states and will change into other one of the states.
Through the changes in the U. Autumn, the Reex whole is getting lower in density, less evenly and
equally distributed, more and more reciprocating paths. Its appearances are
becoming more like matter, more macroscopic, more structures and processes,
colder, more various, more asynchronous and asymmetric, faster in time, and so
on. This direction of the U. Autumn determines that there are fundamental 3
different kinds of autumn lives existing at different periods of the course of
the U. Autumn: The earliest one, which begins to occur at the beginning of the
U. Autumn, is called the life of high energy; the latest one, which
begins to occur at the end of the U. Autumn, is called the life of high
matter; and the one in between, which begins to occur in the middle of the
U. Autumn, is called the life of high organisation. Those 3 kinds of
autumn lives are the sixth conjecture.
The most typical life of high energy has one shared
direct environment among many components of life but does not have the indirect
environment. Its energy components are the energy almost like the pure energy,
and its matter components are the most microscopic matter with extremely high Reex density. Just like what the lives of plants and
animals are doing today, the lives of high energy were metabolising energy and
matter, reproducing themselves, sensing and responding to the changes in their
environment about 20 thousand million years ago.
The earlier a life occurs in the course of the U.
Autumn, the higher Reex density its energy component
will be, the shorter the life will exist, and the more frozons
it will produce, the heavier and smaller its frozons
will be. The very first babies borne by live of high energy may be some extremely
microscopic Reex strings with extremely high Reex density. Though those Reex
strings occupy little space of our universe, they possess 95% of all the Reex; and all the other things, all the atoms, all the
plants, animals and humans, and most of the asters, were created from the rest
5% of the Reex. As the universe cooled down those U.
Autumn’s firstborn babies grew up from Reex strings
to dual Reex with lots of reciprocating paths, and
possess extremely high gravitational mass. They exist at the centres of
clusters and galaxies and might be the dark matter that scientists are looking
for.
The most typical lives of high organisation have both
direct and indirect environments. The Reex density of
its components is neither so high as that of the lives of high energy nor so
low as that of the lives of high matter. The phenomena that the lives of high
organisation and their products appear are the basis and the limitation for
science. We can still find the approximately differences between the energy
environment of the lives of high energy and that of the lives of high
organisation by fissioning their frozons.
For instance, all the biological lives are the lives of high organisation.
Their matter components are chemical bonds and their energy components are the energy
that produces those chemical bonds. The chemical bonds can be split with the
energy of a few electron volts that is approximately similar to the energy that
composes the direct energy environment of the biological lives. Nowadays, with
the energy of more than 100 thousand million electron volts, physicists can
produce a direct energy environment of 1014 degrees Kelvin,
approximately similar to the environment at the 10-12 second after
the beginning of our universe. The Reex density of
this energy environment is still very much lower than the one at exact point of
the beginning of the U. Autumn. Such a great difference shows how cold our
environment is for the lives of high energy. Therefore, many of the things that
we call non-living matter are actually the matter components of the lives of
high energy deeply frozen by the temperature of our environment. The earlier a frozon was produced in the past, the deeper it is frozen at
present and the more it appears as matter. The lives that occur in non-biological
bodies and biological bodies are essentially the same. Their differences are
made only by their relation to the U. Autumn, that is, lives have been active
in non-biological bodies before but are being active in biological bodies now
and here.
The lives of high organisation are also different from
the lives of high energy in the longevity of their existence and variation of
their forms. Generally speaking, the lower the Reex
density of the direct environments of a life is, the longer it exists, the more
forms it develops into. For instance, the lives that produced all the protons
and neutrons existed only in a period from the first microsecond to the first
second of the beginning of our universe. As a striking contrast, the lives that
produce all the plants and animals on the earth have already existed more than
4 thousand million years and are still active. Its long life gives the lives of
high organisation more chances of developing various forms.
The lives of high organisation are neither so unified as
the lives of high energy nor so complex as the lives of high matter, it is the
combination of both the lives of high energy and the lives of high matter.
Creating complex but unified indirect environment is the nature of the lives of
high organisation and is the inevitable outcome of their developments in the U.
Autumn. Such unified complexity is not an evidence for the existence of a
creator or God.
As the U. Autumn progresses further and further, all
the direct environments of lives will become smaller and smaller and the
existence of lives will become more and more dependent on the matter and energy
exchanges among different lives in the indirect environment. The matter and
energy that an autumn life gains may come from either a spring life, such as that
plants from the sun, or from another autumn life different in forms, such as
that carnivores from herbivores and herbivores from plants. The more complex an
organism is, the more its existence depends on the matter and energy exchanges.
The most typical lives of high matter have indirect
environment of life but do not have the direct environment of life. Its energy
components are the energy almost at the absolute zero of thermodynamics, and
its matter components are the matter almost like the pure matter. It may not
yet exist in our universe.
It is possible that the universe found by scientists
is still a SU. Autumn in a Suby. If it is so, there
must be dual Reex and lives existed before its
beginning.
The lives of plants, animals, including human beings occur
in the bodies that are composed of nucleic acids, proteins, sugar molecules and
fatty acids. Such bodies are called biological bodies or organisms, and the
lives that occur in the biological bodies are called biological lives
and all the biological lives are the lives of high organisation. As any other
kinds of lives, the biological life has its own position in the year cycle.
Biological life can occur neither in the U. Summer because there exists no
matter, nor in the U. Winter because there exists no energy. And the energy and
the matter that compose the biological lives are not the same as the energy in
the U. Summer or the matter in the U. Winter. Biological lives can not occur in
the U. Spring too, because the direction of changes there is just the invert of
the U. Autumn's. In the U. Autumn, biological lives occur much later than the
occurrence of the nuclei produced by the lives of high energy, but if the
biological lives might occur in the U. Spring, they have to occur much earlier
than the occurrence of any nucleus because it is the lives of high matter that
occur at the beginning of the U. Spring and the lives of high energy occur only
at the end of it. Therefore, the biological lives are the autumn lives that
only occur in the U. Autumn, maybe only in its very early stage.
As other lives, the origin of autumn life is always
the result of the occurrence of certain energy. The energy that caused the
origins of the biological lives on the earth came first from the forming course
of the solar system, especially the earth. The formation of the solar system
began about 5 thousand million years ago as a lot of cosmic dust was gathering
into many centres. Ninety nine per cent of the dust forms the sun and rest of
it forms the other 9 planets. As more and more matter of the dust gathers
together, part of them at the centre of each centres change into various forms
of energy. This energy first led to the rise of the activities of the spring
lives in those planets. Their different mass determined that different solar
planets underwent different activities of the spring lives and got different
products of the activities.
The activities of spring lives gradually fell off as
the increase of the mass of the planets gradually stopped. As activities of
spring lives decreased, the activities of autumn lives occurred and increased
in those planets. The autumn lives consumed the energy and created new forms of
matter in the planets. The activities of the spring lives ended, at least ended
from their surfaces, long time ago in all the solar planets except the sun. The
activities of spring lives in the sun provide the second source of energy that
influences the activities of lives, mainly the autumn lives, on other planets.
Their different distances from the sun determined that different solar planets
had different patterns of autumn lives, underwent different developmental
course of the autumn lives, and have different products of their autumn lives.
Therefore, it is the earth's mass and its distance to the sun that determine
that all the plants, animals and the human beings with intelligent minds may
occur on the earth than any other planets.
About 4.5 thousand million years ago, the earth began
to cool down. During its cooling course, various autumn lives occurred, then
died and left masses of new molecules as their frozons.
The first generation of lives concerning the large biological molecules, called
as biological lives of earth energy, occurred at a temperature point of
the course where the environmental conditions made it easy for the carbon atoms
to form or break bonds among themselves or with other atoms. The matter
components of the biological lives of earth energy were different DNA
molecules. They were living DNA molecules, reproducing themselves fast in large
quantity and great variation and living in large but localised environments
instead of in cells. As the results of their activities, a sea of primary DNA
molecules of all the possible permutation and combination were left, long
before any cell, any protein or any RNA came into being. All the chromosomes
now found in all the cells of all the plants and animals are actually good or
bad copies of the primary DNA molecules. The biological lives of earth energy
and their environment may be called as DNA world.
As the energy environment gradually became lower and
lower, the second generation of biological lives rose on the base of the
ready-made chromosomes. There are two different sorts of them, called the
biological lives of solar energy and the biological lives of biochemical
energy. The former take the energy from the sunlight as their energy
components, the latter the energy released by biochemical reaction. They both
have various RNAs, proteins, sugar molecules and
fatty acids as their matter components.
Both the biological lives do not create new primary
DNA molecules, but their developments along the direction of the U. Autumn did
create all the other large biological molecules, individual combination of
primary DNA or chromosomes, cells and multicellular
organisms. Species rose from the primary DNA molecules might be 20 million
times more than those found nowadays but most of them have already been
eliminated by natural selection. Nowadays, all the living microorganisms,
plants, animals and human beings are descendants of the two lives. Human beings
rose from one species of the lives of biochemical energy even though the lives
of modern human beings depend upon complex sources of energy.
What we described above, the origin of biological
lives on the earth from a DNA world, is the seventh conjecture of this
article.
Unlike the lives of high energy or high matter, all
the lives of high organisation depend on the organisation of the indirect
environment for their occurrence, existence and development. It is the
eighth conjecture that assumes that all the indirect environment of the
lives of high organisation, such as a cell, a plant, an animal or a society, is
composed of many basic units called as PMB systems that are
fundamentally identical with each other.
This PMB system is composed of 3 parts, two of which
are parts of the local indirect environment of an individual life of high
organisation and the rest one part is composed of the components and the direct
environments of the life. Through one of the first two parts, dual energy or
dual matter moves from local indirect environment towards the direct
environments of the life, called the input part of the PMB system;
through another, dual energy or dual matter moves from the direct environments
towards the local indirect environment, called the output part of the
PMB system. And the direct environment and the components of the life are
together called the change part of the PMB system. Local indirect environments
that are neither the input part nor the output part but connect directly or
indirectly with either the input part or the output part of an PMB system are
together called its environment. A PMB system is the most basic unit
based up which an individual life of high organisation may occur, exist and
undergo the continuous reorganisation. All the bodies of microorganisms,
plants and animals are composed of the PMB systems.
The input part connects a PMB system with the part of
its environment as the sources of dual matter and dual energy it inputs, and
the output part connects a PMB system to the part of its environment as the
outlets for dual matter and dual energy it outputs. The change part of a PMB
system connects both the input part and the output part, and is where matter
and energy interact with each other.
A PMB system contains either an individual spring life
that consumes matter to produce energy or an individual autumn life that
consumes energy to produce matter. The changes both from matter to energy and
from energy to matter are called the life change. There are two other
changes happening in every PMB system, which are called the form change
and the location change. The form change is the change in the form of a
portion of matter or energy in a PMB system, and the location change is the
change in the location of a portion of matter or energy in a PMB system.
Neither the form changes nor the location changes produce matter or energy. The
changes happen in the input part and the output part of a PMB system are mainly
the form changes, and in the change part are mainly the life changes. And the
location changes happen in all the three parts. The activities of the mind can
not be explained only with the activities of the nerve impulses and neurotransmitters,
because the nerve impulse moving through a nerve or the neurotransmitter moving
through a synapse is only location change, and the nerve impulse changes into
neurotransmitter or vice versa is only the form change.
Dual matter and dual energy may get into a PMB system
only through its input part and may get out of a PMB system only through its
output part. The input and out put of dual Reex by
the two parts are highly selective, depending on the parts, properties, their
working state and which environment they connect with.
No matter what a PMB system composes or is composed
of, the dual matter or the dual energy input from its environment into the
system may be called as perception, those output out of the system may
be called as behaviour, and, in comparison, the dual matter or the dual
energy existing in the system before the perception is input or remaining in
the system after the behaviour is output may be called as memory.
The perception and the behaviour in the same PMB
system are essentially more like each other. The only difference is that their
moving directions, relative to the system itself, are opposite to each other.
The perception moves from the environment to the system and the behaviour moves
from the system to its environment. Both of them lead to life changes. The life
changes caused by the perception happen in the change part of a PMB system,
whereas the life changes caused by the behaviour happen in other PMB systems in
its environment.
However, the perception that a PMB system inputs is
never the behaviour it outputs. Perception, after it enters the change part,
will become a part of one of the two direct environments in the change part,
which is opposite to the direct environment composed by memory. For instance,
if the memory composes the direct matter environment in a PMB system, the
perception will become part of its direct energy environment, whereas, when the
memory composes the direct energy environment in a PMB system, the perception
will become a part of its direct matter environment. The behaviour is the
products of the life in the direct environments.
The memory in any PMB system may be divided further
into the hereditary memory, which is formed before and/or during the
formation of the system, and the acquired memory, which is formed after.
All the biological activities can be explained with the living interaction
between the hereditary and acquired memories in PMB systems and multisource behaviours in the system’s environment.
On the basis of this PMB system, we may understand the
essence of information better. Simpler to say, information is a PMB system’s
interpretation of input signals; exactly to say, information is the products
from the interaction between the input perception and the memory in a PMB
system.
