Date

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Period

 ___________________   

Name

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A Physics Toolkit

Vocabulary Review

Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Use each term once.


accuracy

dependent variable

dimensional analysis

hypothesis		 independent variable

inverse relationship

line of best fit

linear relationship		 measurement

physics

precision

quadratic relationship		 significant digits

scientific law

scientific method

scientific theory
  1. ____________________ The study of matter and energy is _____.

  2. ____________________ The _____ is a systematic way to observe, experiment, and analyze the world.

  3. ____________________ The valid digits in a measurement are called the _____.

  4. ____________________ A(n) _____ describes the relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable results in the decrease of another variable.

  5. ____________________ On a graph, the _____ is the line drawn as close as possible to all of the data points.

  6. ____________________ A(n) _____ is an educated guess about how variables are related.

  7. ____________________ The _____ is the factor that is changed or manipulated during an experiment.

  8. ____________________ A(n) _____ is description of a rule of nature.

  9. ____________________ A(n) _____ is a comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard.

  10. ____________________ A straight line on a graph shows that there is a(n) _____ between the two variables.

  11. ____________________ A(n) _____ is an explanation supported by experimental results.

  12. ____________________ _____ describes how well the results of a measurement agree with the real value.

  13. ____________________ The _____ is the factor that depends on the independent variable.

  14. ____________________ The method of treating units as algebraic quantities, which can be cancelled, is called _____.


Physics: Principles and Problems Chapters 1-5 Resources   9


  1. ____________________ A(n) _____ exists when one variable depends on the square of another.

  2. ____________________ The degree of exactness of a measurement is called _____.


Section 1.1 Mathematics and Physics

In your textbook, read about mathematics in physics on pages 4-5.
Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Use each term once.

dimensional analysis
equations
experimental data		 experiments
graphs
results		 theories
units


Physicists do (1) ____________________, make observations, and collect (2) ____________________. They predict the (3) ____________________ using different models. They create (4) ____________________ to describe their observations. Due to the mathematical nature of their work, physicists can enter numbers into (5) ____________________ to model observations and make predictions. The numerical values in an equation are also described by (6) ____________________, such as amperes, ohms, and volts. (7) ____________________ is the method of treating the units as algebraic quantities, which can be cancelled. Varying numerical results from equations can be plotted as (8) ____________________.

In your textbook, read about SI units on pages 5-6.
For each term on the left, write the letter of the matching item on the right.



______     9. base quantity of temperature

______   10. base quantity of electric current

______   11. base quantity of length

______   12. base quantity of time

______   13. base amount of a substance

______   14. pico

______   15. centi

______   16. micro

______   17. mega
  1. meter

  2. 10-2

  3. kelvin

  4. 10-12

  5. ampere

  6. second

  7. 106

  8. mole

  9. 10-6


10   Chapters 1-5 Resources Physics: Principles and Problems


In your textbook, read about significant digits on page 7.
For each of the statements below, write true or rewrite the italicized part to make the statement true.

  1. ____________________ When you perform any arithmetic operation and round off the last digit, this is the most precise part of the measurement.

  2. ____________________ The figure 0.0730 has two significant digits.

  3. ____________________ Answers derived with a calculator should be written exactly as they appear on the calculator.

In your textbook, read about scientific methods on pages 8-10.
Number the following steps in the order in which scientists study problems.

_____   21. Draw a conclusion.

_____   22. Compare experimentation with careful measurements and analyses of results.

_____   23. Test deductions to determine if they are valid.

Indicate which step in the scientific method best describes the statements in questions 24-29. Explain your answers. Use complete sentences.

  1. A basketball is rolling on the ground. It continues to move even though no one is pushing it.



  2. The velocity of the rolling basketball is 0.5 m/s.



  3. In an isolated system, momentum does not change. For example, when a bowling ball hits a rolling basketball, the bowling ball slows down and the basketball speeds up. The increase in momentum of the basketball equals the decrease in momentum of the bowling ball.



  4. There are two tracks that you can roll the basketball on. One track is very steep and the other is nearly flat. You guess that the basketball will travel faster down the steep track.



  5. After recording the speeds of a basketball rolling down a steep track and on a flat track, you repeat the experiment, timing the ball a second time.




Physics: Principles and Problems Chapters 1-5 Resources   11


  1. You observe multiple collisions between a basketball and a bowling ball and record data on their post collision velocities and directions. You explain your idea that since the bowling ball has a greater mass and is moving at greater velocity, it can always change the direction of the basketball that has a smaller mass and is moving at a slower velocity.


Section 1.2 Measurement

In your textbook, read about measurement on pages 11-14.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.


1. The apparent shift in position of an object when it is viewed from various angles is called _____.


a. parallax

b. margin of error
c. calibration

d. accuracy

2. A device with very small divisions on its scale can measure with _____.


a. scientific notation

b. agreement
c. precision

d. fundamental units

3. An atomic mass unit is measured at 1.660×10-27 kg, a number that has _____ significant digits.


a. 1

b. 2
c. 3

d. 4

4. The NIST-Fl Cesium Fountain clock in Colorado is our standard for _____.


a. significant digits

b. accuracy
c. measuring instruments

d. calculating errors

5. A comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard is referred to as a _____.


a. margin of error

b. consistency
c. measurement

d. variables

6. _____ is a technique used to assure the accuracy of a measuring instrument.


a. Two-point calibration

b. Precision
c. Analysis

d. Dimension

7. The degree of possible error in a measurement is called its _____.


a. fundamental unit

b. mechanical quantity
c. precision balance

d. margin of uncertainty


12   Chapters 1-5 Resources Physics: Principles and Problems


Section 1.3 Graphing Data

In your textbook, read about nonlinear relationships on pages 17-18.
Refer to the graph to answer questions 1-7.


  1. What sort of relationship is shown in this graph?


  2. Which variable is the independent variable? Which is the dependent variable?


  3. Is the slope of this graph positive or negative?


  4. What are the units of the slope?


  5. Explain why the slope at 2.0 s is greater than the slope at 1.0 s.



  6. About how far does the ball fall in 1.8 s?


  7. The equation of the graph is d = 5t2. How far would the ball fall in 2.4 s?




Physics: Principles and Problems Chapters 1-5 Resources   13


Refer to the graph to answer questions 8-12.


  1. What sort of relationship is shown in this graph?


  2. Is the slope of this graph positive or negative?


  3. What are the units of the slope?


  4. What is the approximate current when the resistance is 25 ohms?


  5. Write an equation for this graph. (Hint: The equation takes the form xy = a, where x is resistance and y is current.)

Read about linear and nonlinear relationships in your textbook on pages 16-18.
For each description on the left, write the letter of the matching term on the right.


_____   13. the equation of a linear relationship

_____   14. the shape of a graph of a linear relationship

_____   15. the equation of an inverse relationship

_____   16. the shape of the graph of an inverse relationship

_____   17. the equation of a quadratic relationship

_____   18. the shape of the graph of a quadratic relationship
  1. hyperbola

  2. parabola

  3. straight line

  4. y = mx + b

  5. y = ax2 + bx2 + c


14   Chapters 1-5 Resources Physics: Principles and Problems