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Mushrooms are fungi without chlorophyll and are an essential component of the ecosystem. Collectively, they provide us with many beneficial substances such as penicillin and cancer drugs, and some controversial ones such as hallucinogens. There are thousands of different mushroom species. Less than one percent contain enough amanitin or phalloidin toxins to produce poisoning. Amanitatoxins are the most toxic. They bind to and destroy the nuclei of liver and kidney cells. Phalloidin toxins act more on the outer cell membranes making them leaky and prone to destruction.
In North America, most mushroom poisoning is attributed to children accidentally ingesting mushrooms. Mushrooms are a type of fungus which can grow very quickly under the right cool, shady and damp conditions. In Europe, mushroom species are a delicacy used in numerous culinary dishes. Adults who accidentally ingest poisonous mushrooms are a scenario more common to Europe.
Picking wild mushrooms should be left for knowledgeable persons who are experienced. Generally, the more poisonous species like the "Death Cap" and "Destroying Angel" tend to grow on forest floors. They can have scales on their caps, and an annular ring on the stem just below the cap. The base is usually bulbous. Most have two swellings on the stalk. If your child does ingest a mushroom accidentally, attempt to retrieve a similar looking one and take it with you to the emergency room.
It takes a few hours for the first signs of poisoning to appear. This time delay allows a window of opportunity for quick treatment prior to symptom onset if recognized. The first signs of poisoning are due to actions exerted on the muscarinic type of acetylcholine receptors and include violent abdominal pains, cramps and vomiting. Soon afterward bloody diarrhea begins. The resulting dehydration produces weakness and thirst. The situation can become fatal very quickly. With proper treatment, most people can survive without serious consequences. Mushrooms can be a wonderful delicacy or an aid to many health problems.
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