Discussions about the Roman Army from RomanArmyTalk:
Frequently Asked Questions and related Reading Lists
by Sander van Dorst

Salvete omnes,

With several pages of discussion threads now available it can take a while before finding what one is after. For this reason I have started to compile an index where related discussions are grouped together.

On this section of the forum threads are available on the following subjects. Note that there are overlaps as some threads are relevant to more than one topic.  By all means if you don't see an answer to your question, please feel free to ask it at the Roman Army Talk discussion board! We welcome newcomers, enthusiasts and scholars alike.

The reading lists are books that are a good introduction to the field. Many are commonly available, but some are reference books that may be found in better libraries.  A more complete bibliography can be found at the RomanArmy.Com site. Further information on many authors can be found on the Roman Military Studies Who's Who list.

This page was updated as of 3/26/2002 by Richard Campbell, RomanArmy.Com Ass't Webmaster.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Reading Lists by FAQ subject
Book Discussions by Topic

 
FAQ Contents

Archaeology

Excavation at Colchester
Update on excavations on the Varus battlesite
Temple Mount/Roman Fort
Marching Camp to Limes
Underwater archaeology of naval battles
New Armor Find
Latest Vindolanda news
ROMEC?
Corbridge hoard details
Stillfried lorica segmentata
Best dig sites for amateurs
Forgeries in Roman archaeology
 

Artwork

Trajan's column
Roman soldier portrait/Eton college
Prima Porta
Dagging
The Mainz 'centurion'
 

Battles and campaigns

Battle of Adrianople article
Battle of Carrhae and other questions
In pace recepti?
Update on excavations on the Varus battlesite
Jewish revolt in Palestine
Corbulo's Armenian campaign: one or two years?
When was the Germania campaign really?
The battle of the Mauric plains (AD 453)
Marcus Aurelius
Hamilcar's battles in Sicily
Invasions
Satellite Imagery and Varus' Battle
Trasimeno
Jewish revolt
Jewish revolt 2
Warfare in the east
Lake Trasimene
Varus slingers
Germany, Teutoburger Forest 9AD info plz
Agricola in Britain
Garrison of Jerusalem AD 30
Greatest Roman Military Disaster
Jotapata site
Kalkriese and the Clades Variana
Kalkriese in the German national Geographic

Byzantium

Interesting
Later Roman and early Byzantine information

Cavalry

Importance of Roman cavalry
Cavalry
Infantry vs auxiliary
Imperial cavalry
Roman ranks and duties?
Goldsworthy's Punics

Counterfactual history

If Hannibal decided to join the Roman army
Huge Sweeping Question about Hadrian
Fun game of "what if"

Epigraphy

Flavius Romanus R.I.P.
Poenius Postumus
Roman helmet inscription

Equipment

Weapons
Weight of kit
A confusing standard
Signet rings: did they wear them?
Shield devices
Mess Halls
French Skeleton Impaled with Pilum
Hobnails
Novo Mesto Helmet
Legio II Augusta scutum emblem
Shields
Boiled leather lorica
1st Punic War
A new lorica segmentata from Austria
Why no battered helmets?

Face of Battle

Shell shock syndrome?
Men under fire vs. men under javelins
Wounds and infections

Frontiers and Fortifications

Marching camp to limes
Auxiliary fort barracks specs
Legionary Fortress

General Roman history

Fathers of Rome
The twelve tablets
What does Pax Romana mean?
Feared Enemies
Gaius Marcius Rutilu - an early Roman hero
Who were the Romans?
Mithras
Roman roads and transportation

Gladiator the movie tidbits

The mark
When was the Germania campaign really?
Speaking of Gladiator...
What does praetoria mean ?
Gladiator: will the movie leave a legacy
Marcus Aurelius

Hierarchy

Centurions
Contubernium 'squad leader'
Promotion in the ranks
Rank, function and pay scales
Roman Hand Salute?
Training of Centurions
Meals in the legions
Promotion within the centurionate
Inter-unit postings
Soldier=soldier?
Married soldiers?
Roman ranks and duties?
Emperors, centurions and leadership
Role of the optio?
Garrison of Jerusalem - AD30

Later Roman army

Late Roman army
Third century crises
Attila and the Romans
Seniores and juniores
Age Span?
Barbarization of the armies (378 AD - 476 AD)
Army division question
Later Roman and early Byzantine information
Notitia Dignitatum
Late Roman cavalry numbers

Legionary Names and Numbers

Different Legions of the same number?
Do you have a favourite legion?
Seniores and juniores
Age Span?
Mottos of the legion
 

Miscellaneous

Humour in the hardheadiness of Romans
Translating Junkelmann into English
New PBS series
Do you have a favourite legion?
What's Up with Roman Numerals in the Legions?
Did Legion Workshops Make Money?
Book Sources
Leading Roman Historians
Latin
Wax tablets revealed
Did the Germans user bows?
Did the gladiators fight to the death?
Funeral oration
"Off with his nose!"
Captivating question
Stupid idea about the end of the XXth I'd like to ask about
Legion - type of troops and mercenaries
Women gladiators ???
Ancient Roman winery discoverd in Egypt
Roman army vs. the Celts
Names or titles
Trajan in *Military History*
Caius Gracchus Iulius Caesar ... born sideways
Papyrology, carbonised Pompeii scrolls
Fathers of Rome
Lybian legion pay roll theft
Surveying equipment
Roman infantry data
Looking for a site
Dead Romans in red tunics

Navy

Identity of these signa
Some questions about the navy
Navy and army
Navy's status
Underwater Archaeology of Naval Battles
Soldier=soldier?
Roman helmet inscription
"Praetorian galley?"
Role of the optio?

Organisation

Third century crises
Infantry vs auxiliary
The legion of the bureaucrats
Mercenaries
I would like to ask a question
Roman weapons/maniples as combat units
Do you have a favourite legion?
The republican army of the Punic Wars
Unit identification
Inter-unit postings
Seniores and juniores
Soldier=soldier?
Army organization
Another guy who's writing a story
Shield patterns
Army division question

Praetorians

Foreigners in the army
What does praetoria mean ?
A confusing standard
Do You Have a Favorite Legion?
Praetorians and the Pomerium
"Praetorian galley"

Punic Wars

Importance of Roman cavalry
Goffredo, RE: Hannibal's Crossing the Alps
If Hannibal decided to join Roman army
Hamilcar's battles in Sicily
The republican army of the Punic Wars
Lake Trasimene
1st Punic War

Recruitment

How old did recruits have to be?
Picking your brains
Foreigners in the army
Veterans still worthy
Foreigners in the army
Foreigners in the army another take
Africans in the military
Roman boot camp?
Conscription
Mercenaries
Do You Have a Favorite Legion?
Architectus Training
Training
25% of all Romans under arms?
Training of Centurions
Basic training
Age span?
Other cultures in the military
Later Roman and early Byzantine information
Looking for a site

Service conditions

Auxiliary status and remuneration
Foreigners in the army
Rank, function and pay scales
Punishments
Meals in the legions
Decimation on a grand scale
Reward for service
Pay
Wounds and infections
The legions out of wartime
Germanicus and the mutineers

Sources

Vegetius: a boring and unreliable old fart
Arrian's Periplous
Notitia Dignitatum

Standards

Identity of these signa
A confusing standard
Shields
Roman standards - religious rites?
Standardbearers in segmentata
Imperatorial standards

Tactics

Manipular formation
Infantry vs auxiliary
Light infantry
What's the strength of the Roman army
Roman battles
Men under fire vs men under javelins
Countermarching
Roman weapons/maniples as combat units
Function of auxiliary infantry
New Guy
Composition of formations
Training
Warfare in the east
Rotation....again
Roman battle tactics..Need information for history report
Auxiliary training
Strategy and tactics names?

Weapons

Weapons
About the pila
A question about Roman artillery
A confusing standard
French skeleton impaled with pilum
Nature of catapult stone
The infamous bending pilum
Roman arms
Precision throwing
Slingers
Roman helmet and sword

Reading List by Discussion
 

Army and society

  • Alston, R., Soldier and society in Roman Egypt (London 1995) 263p.
  • Pollard, N., Soldiers, cities & civilians in Roman Syria (Michigan 2000) 349p.
  • MacMullen, R., Soldier and civilian in the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge Mass. 1963).
Artillery
  • Baatz, D., Bauten und Katpulte des römischen Heeres (Stuttgart 1994).
  • Marsden, E.W., Greek and Roman artillery: historical development (Oxford 1999) 232p.
  • Marsden, E.W., Greek and Roman artillery: technical treatises (Oxford 1999) 277p.
Auxiliaries
  • Holder, P., BAR 70: Studies in the auxilia of the Roman army from Augustus to Trajan (Oxford 1980).
  • Saddington, D.B., The development of the Roman auxiliary forces from Caesar to Vespasian (Harare 1982).
Byzantine army
  • Haldon, J., Warfare, state and society in the Byzantine world 565-1204 (London 1999) 389p.
  • Treadgold, W., Byzantium and its army 284-1081 (Stanford 1995) 249p.
Cavalry
  • Dixon, K.R. en P. Southern, The Roman cavalry (London 1992) 256p.
  • Hyland, A., Equus. The horse in the Roman world (London 1990) 285p.
  • Junkelmann, M., Die Reiter Roms II (Mainz 1991) 222p.
  • Junkelmann, M., Die Reiter Roms III (M ainz 1992) 227p.
  • Junkelmann, M., Reiter wie Statuen aus Erz (Mainz 1996) 126p.
Children's books
  • Abranson, E., Roman legionaries at the time of Julius Caesar (London 1979).
  • Connolly, P., The Roman Army (London 1975).
  • Connolly, P., Hannibal and the Enemies of Rome (London 1978).
  • MacDonald, F., A Roman fort (Hove 1993) 48p.
Equipment
  • Bishop, M.C., and J.C. Couston, Roman military equipment Shire Archaeology 59 (Princes Risborough 1989) 76p.
  • Bishop, M.C., and J.C. Coulston, Roman military equipment (London 1993) 256p.
  • Feugère, M., Les armes des Romains (Paris 1993) 287p.
  • Stephenson, I.P., Roman infantry equipment. The later empire (Stroud 1999) 128p.
Face of battle
  • Cornell, T., B. Rankov and P. Sabin (ed.), The second Punic war: a reappraisal (London 1996) 117p.
  • Goldsworthy, A.K., The Roman army at war 100 BC-200AD (Oxford 1996) 311p.
  • Sabin, P., 'The face of Roman battle' in: Journal of Roman Studies 90 (2000), 1-17.
  • Zhmodikov, A., 'Roman republican heavy infantrymen in battle' in: Historia 49 (2000), 67-78.
Fortifications
  • Connolly, P., The Roman fort (Oxford 1991) 32p.
  • Johnson, A., Roman Forts (London 1983).
  • Lander, J., BAR 206. Roman Stone Fortifications from the First Century AD to the Fourth (Oxford 1984).
  • Von Petrikovits, H., 'Fortifications in the northwestern Roman Empire from the third to the fifth centuries AD' in: Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971), 178-218.
Hierarchy, officers and other ranks
  • Breeze, D. and Dobson, B., Roman Officers & Frontiers (Stuttgart 1993).
  • Campbell, B., The emperor and the Roman army 31BC-AD235 (Oxford 1984) 468p.
General introduction to the Roman army
  • Bohec, Y. Le, L'armée Romaine (Paris 1989) 287p. English translation The imperial Roman army.
  • Connolly, P., Greece and Rome at war (London 1981) 320p.
  • Goldsworthy, A., Roman warfare (London 2000) 224p.
  • Hackett, J. (ed.), Warfare in the ancient world (London 1989) 256p.
  • Keppie, L., The making of the Roman Army from republic to empire (2nd edition) (London 1998) 272p.
  • Webster, G., The Roman Imperial Army (3rd ed. London 1985) 343p.
Guards
  • Durry, M., Les cohortes pretoriennes (Paris 1939).
  • Rankov, B., The Praetorian Guard Elite 50 (1994) 64p.
  • Speidel, M.P., Guards of the Roman armies (Bonn 1978) 149p.
  • Speidel, M.P., Riding for Caesar. The Roman emperors' horse guard (London 1994) 223p.
Late Roman army
  • Dixon, K.R. and P. Southern, The late Roman army (London 1996) 206p.
  • Elton, H., Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350-425 (Oxford 1996) 312p.
  • MacDowall, S., Late Roman Infantryman Warrior 9 (London 1994) 64p.
  • MacDowall, S., Late Roman Cavalryman Warrior 15 (London 1995) 64p.
  • Nicasie, M.J., The twilight of empire. The Roman army from the reign of Diocletian until the battle of Adrianople (Amsterdam 1998)321p.
Legions
  • Brewer, R.J. (ed.), Roman fortresses and their legions (London 2000) 187p.
  • Junkelmann, M., Die Legionen des Augustus (Mainz 1986) 313p.
  • Speidel, M.P., The framework of an imperial legion (Cardiff 1992) 47p.
Logistics
  • Erdkamp, P., Hunger and the sword. Warfare and food supply in Roman republican wars (264 - 30 BC) (Amsterdam 1998) 324p.
  • Junkelmann, M., Panis militaris (Mainz 1997) 254p.
  • Roth, J.P., The logistics of the Roman army at war (264 BC - AD 235) (Leiden 1999) 400p.
  • Wierschowski, L., Heer und Wirtschaft. Das römische Heer der Prinzipatszeit als Wirtschaftsfaktor (Bonn 1984) 345p.
Navy
  • Reddé, M., Mare Nostrum (Paris 1986).
  • Starr, C.G., The Roman imperial navy (New York 1941) 228p.
Ninth legion
  • Birley, E.B., 'The fate of the Ninth Legion' in: Butler, R.M. (ed.) Soldier and civilian in Roman Yorkshire (Leicester 1971), 71-80.
  • Eck, W., 'Zum Ende der legio IX Hispana' in: Chiron 2 (1972), 459- 462.
  • Keppie, L., 'The fate of the ninth legion. A problem for the eastern provinces ?' in: D.H. French and C.S. Lightfoot (ed.), BAR(i) 553 The eastern frontier of the Roman empire (Oxford 1989), 247-255.
  • Sijpesteijn, P.J., 'Die legio nona Hispana in Nimwegen' in: Zeitschrift fuer Papyrologie und Epigraphik 111 (1996), 281-282.
Punic Wars
  • Goldsworthy, A., The Punic wars (London 2000) 412p.
  • Lazenby, J., Hannibal's war (Warminster 1978)340p.
  • Lazenby, J., The first Punic war (London 1996) 205p.
Reconstructions
  • Peterson, D., Roman legions recreated in colour photographs (London 1992).
Recruitment
  • Brunt, P.A., 'Conscription and volunteering in the Roman imperial army' in: Roman imperial themes (Oxford 1990), 188-214.
  • Forni, G., Il reclutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano (Milan 1953).
  • Mann, J.C., Legionary recruitment and veteran settlement during the principate (London 1983) 184p.
Republican army
  • Sekunda, N. en S. Northwood, Early Roman Armies Men-At-Arms 283 (London 1995) 48p.
  • Sekunda, N., Republican Roman army 200-104 BC Men-At-Arms 291 (London 1996) 48p.
Service conditions
  • Alston, R., 'Roman military pay from Caesar to Diocletian' in: Journal of Roman Studies 84 (1994), 113-123.
  • Speidel, M.A., 'Roman army pay scales' in: Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992), 87-106.
Source translations
  • Campbell, B., The Roman army 31 BC-AD 337: a source book (London 1994) 272p.
  • Dennis, G.T., Maurice's Strategikon. handbook of Byzantine military strategy ( Philadelphia 1984)178p.
  • DeVoto, J.G., Flavius Arrianus: Technè Taktika (Tactical handbook) and Ektaxis kata Alanoon (The expedition against the Alans) (Chicago 1993) 132p.
  • Milner, N.P., Vegetius: epitome of military science (Liverpool 1993) 152p.
Strategy
  • Austin, N.J.E. and N.B. Rankov, Exploratio. Military intelligence in the Roman world from the second Punic war to the battle of Adrianople (London 1995) 292p.
  • Harris, W.V., War and imperialism in republican Rome 327-70 BC (Oxford 1979) 293p.
  • Isaac, B., The limits of empire. The Roman army in the East (rev. ed.) (Oxford 1993) 519p.
  • Luttwak, E.N., The grand strategy of the Roman Empire (Baltimore 1976) 255p.
  • Mann, J.C., 'The frontiers of the principate' in: Aufstieg und Niedergang der Roemischen Welt II-1 (1975), 508-533.
  • Mann, J.C., 'Power, force and the frontiers of the empire' in: Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979), 175-183.
  • Mattern, S.P., Rome and the enemy. Imperial strategy in the principate (Berkeley 1999) 259p.
Training
  • Horsmann, G., Untersuchungen zur militärischen Ausbildung im republikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen Rom (Boppard am Rhein 1991).
  • Hyland, A., Training the Roman cavalry from Arrian's Tactica (Alan Sutton 1993).
Book Discussions by Topic

Books for starters

Looking for good starter ref books
Books for raw recruit
OK now I have to ask
Good ones
 

Children's books

Children's books on Rome
 

Clothing

"The World of Roman Costume" isbn 0-299-12854-2
Review of "Roman Clothing and Fashion" by A.T. Croom
 

Equipment

Recreated in colour
Roman infantry equipment. the later empire
Copy of Robinson on the market
Price for used Robinson book ... ?
Special offer on JRMES back issues
Where to order JRMES?
Book with belt parts
New website
Book values: Bishop & Coulston
Roman Legions recreated in colour photographs vol 2?

Vindonissa Catalog


Fiction

Military fiction?
Best Roman fiction authors
Roman fiction on the radio ... on the internet
Jack Whyte's series
New novels: Scarrow and Maddox Roberts
Accuracy in Caput Mundi
 

Film

Quo Vadis film
Attila ...
Druids(*sigh*)
 

General Roman History

Roman musical notation
Gibbon's 'Decline...'
Osprey Gladiators - Wisdom-McBride
Micheal Grant
New from Gieben
A book I found
Britons and Romans
 

Military History - Republic

Roman warfare
Greater than Napoleon: Scipio Africanus
Hannibal book
Goldsworthy's Punics
The cavalry of the Roman republic
Review of Goldsworthy's Cannae
 

Military History - Empire

Roman warfare
Varus
Tony Clunn's book
(Quite) new roman navy publication
Search for Roman navy publication
Barbarian invasions
Late Roman army
Grand Strategy
Belfiglio, Roman Amphibious ...
Evans, Legions
Book on Diocletian
Oxbow book deals
Soldiers, cities and civilians in Roman Syria
The MAVORS series

Sources

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Book on Tacitus
APIS: Advance Papyrological IS
Flavius Josephus