Geology of the Kharidhunga Magnesite Mine area, North-East of Kathmandu Valley, Lesser Himalaya

(Summary of Thesis)

By

R.K. Dahal

Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

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Geology of the Kharidhunga Magnesite Mine area, North-East of Kathmandu Valley, Lesser Himalaya.

R.K. Dahal and Dr. P. C. Adhikary

Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

ABSTRACT

The rock of Kharidhunga Mine Field area, north-east of the Kathmandu valley, have been stratigrafically divided into seven local formations, namely Pakhar, Sigre, Dhading Danda, Sildhunga, Gotang Khola, Mude geneiss and Kharidhunga Formations. Calcareous member of the Kharidhunga Formation have been named as the Orind Magnesite Bed. First four rock formations belongs to Nawakot Complex and the remainning into Kathmandu Complex (StÖ cklin, J. and Bhattarai, K.D., 1977). Surfacial loose deposits of the area is classified from older to younger as Balephi Boulder, Thumpakhar, Dandapakhar, Boche, Rolekharka and Dangdunge Formations, of which Terraces of Dandapakhar to Dangdunge formations represent Holocene retreating glaciers. Structurally the area is disected by the Tauthali Thrust. The Pheda Khola and Ghatte Khola Faults has largely modified the land scape and deflected micro-scale hydrography. The cohesiveness and plasticity of soil of the area increased with their geological age.

INTRODUCTION

This paper deals with the geology of the Kharidhunga Magnesite Mine area. The area in east Central Nepal is a part of inner Lesser Himalayan lying between the Longitudes 86o45' E and 86o60' E and the latitudes 27o37' N and 27o45' N (Fig 1). The area is characterised by the presence of gritty phyllite, white quartzite, dolomite and black slate in the west and gneiss and garnetiferous schist in the east with remarkable magnesite deposit. None of the geologists worked in detail in this area. Maruto et al. (1973) describe the gritty phyllite as Chaunari Sandstone - Phyllite Zone and gneiss and schist as the Melung Augen Gneiss. Shrestha, S.B., et.al., (1984) has complied general geological map of the Central Nepal accommodating the area. They define gritty phyllite, slate and dolomite as Ranimatta Formation and gneiss and schist as Ulleri Gneiss Formation. Toni Hagen (1954) frist recorded the magnesite mineralisation. The geololsist working in this area are only concentrated with the geology of this Magnesite deposit. Poudyal, R.R. and Shrestha, J.N. (1977) has studied the geology and geochemistry in Dolkha, Ramechhap and Solukhumbu area and classified the rock of the area into low grade and high grade zones. Sharma, R.R., (1980) has mapped the area, and introduced seven different rock units, but he failed to introduce legitimate formations, missed in locating thrust, and exaggerated the amount of magnesite exposure. Manandhar, G.R., (1965) and a group of German geologists of (Grundstofftechnik GmBh, 1973) carried the detail economic geological investigation and paved the way to establish the Nepal's first Magnesite Minning Company - Orind Magnesite (P) Ltd. Dangol, V. (1988) performed his Ph.D. thesis on the geological condition of the formation and the Mineralo-geochemical characteristics of the talc-magnesite deposit of the area. He confirmed talc of the Kharidhunga magnesite deposit is of two generation: syngenetic and epigenetic. He established the genesis of the magnesite deposit as sedimentary, which in latter stage was changed into hydrothermal. For the structural consideration of the area, there is not any detail geological investigation. This paper also tries to deals with Quatenary deposits of the area with its engineering behaviour, which represent Holocene retreating glaciers.

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The study area consists of several stratified bodies of low to very high grade metamorphic rocks. Greenish grey phyllite, grey quartzite and gritty phyllite are usually found in the western part of the study area and covered more than half of the area. Quartzitic dolomite, grey coloured slaty phyllite with remarkable magnesite and talc deposits, calcareous phyllite, quartzites, carbonaceous phyllites, graphitic schist and phyllite and garnetiferous schist are found in the eastern part of the study area. The gneiss complex, exposed in eastern part of the study area, is represented by augen gneiss, granitic gneiss and banded gneiss. The general altitude of the stratified geological bodies are NW-SE with NE dip with amount of 0o to 40o mostly 10o - 30o. The rock formations of the area characterised by complex metamorphism and intense deformation, and can be compatible to Nawakot and Kathmandu Complexes of StÖ cklin and Bhattarai (1977) encompassing seven lithostratigraphic formations and is shown in stratigraphical correlation (Table 1).

Nawakot Complex

The Nawakot (StÖ cklin and Bhattarai, 1977) can be observed in the eastern part of the study area and can be classified into four lithostratigraphic formations.

1. Pakhar Formation.(Pk)

2. Sigre Formation.(Sg)

3. Dhading Danda Formation (Dh)

4. Sildhunga Formation.(Sl)

1. Pakhar Formation (Pk)

The Pakhar Formation is proposed and defined around Pakhar village, 16 km from Lamosanghu at the Lamosanghu-Jiri road. The Pakhar Formation was previously reported as the Chaurni sandstone - phyllite zone (Maruo et al, 1973); Ranimatta Formation (Shrestha et. al., 1984, 1984). StÖ cklin and Bhattarai (1977) described similar type formation in Central Nepal as the Kuncha Formation and was initially reported by Bordet (1961) as '' Serie de Kunchha".

The Pakhar Formation, supposed to be the oldest Precambrian rock for the Eastern Central Nepal, is exposed around Balephi, Pakhar, Thokarpa and Chaubas villages. Dominant lithology of the Pakhar Formation is grey to green coloured siliceous and argillaceous phyllite, quartzite, gritty phyllite and conglomerate. The ratio of quartzite and phyllite around Thumpakhar, Balephi, Thokarpa villages is higher than Dandapakhar, Thulopakhar, Tamche and Lisankhu villages area. The phyllite are rich with quartz veins and lenses are of individual up to 80 cm wide and grains are up to 12 cm and are usually found on the foliation plane. The rocks generally strike E-W (115o/15o) and are highly foliated into number of micro scale folds. Extensive measurement of attitude of the Pakhar Formation has been largely plotted in geological map facile to show its detailed structure (Fig. 2).

2. Sigre Formation (Sg)

Sigre Formation is defined around the village Sigre of Sindhupalchowk district. Fresh exposures of white quartzite intercalated with grey green phyllite are seen near Sigre village; similar rocks are also exposed in western part of the Dhading Danda village and the Gotang Khola.

The beds of the Sigre Formation are not continuously exposed found to be pinched in Sildhunga area. The Sigre Formation consists of fine to coarse grained pure white quartzite with thin to very thin layer of grey and green phyllite and show sharp contact with the Pakhar Formation. The Sigre Formation can be considered to be equivalent to the Fagfog Quartzite (StÖ cklin and Bhattarai, 1977), the Agrekhar Quartzite (Maruo, et. al., 1973) and the basal part of the Naudanda Formation (Shrestha et. al., 1984). General attitude of the Sigre Formation in the Gotang Khola is NW- SE with dip amount of 150- 300 due east.

3. Dhading Danda Formation (Dh)

Dhading Danda Formation is named from the village Dhading Danda of Sindhupalchowk district, where white and grey siliceous dolomite is extensively exposed. Thin to thick beds of dolomites are also found in Sildhunga and in lower part of the Tauthali village. Typical feature of the dolomite of the Dhading Danda Formation is laminae of grey coloured dolomite with several pure quartzite layers intercalated with calcareous phyllites. Micaceous partings along foliation planes in quartzite and dolomite are common.

The Dhading Danda Formation is equivalent to the Dhading Dolomite (StÖ cklin and Bhattarai, 1977), the Deurali limestone Formation (Maruo, et al, 1973) and the Naudanda Formation (Shrestha et. al., 1984, 1984). The general strike of the formation in Sildhunga is NW-SE with dip amount of 12o-22o due east.

4. Sildhunga Formation (Sl)

Sildhunga Formation is named from the village Sildhunga of Sindhupalchowk district at 20.6 km of the Lamosanghu-Jiri road. Dark grey carbonaceous to dark grey slaty phyllite with intercalation of calcareous phyllite and calcareous quartzite in upper part, are exposed in the Sildhunga village. The Sildhuga Formation is also exposed in the Tauthali and the southern part of Pheda village. The rocks are highly crushed and jointed. Quartz vein (up to 75 cm) are found on foliation plane of phyllitic schist.

The Sildhunga Formation can be correlated to the Benighat Slates (StÖ cklin and Bhattarai, 1977); the upper part of the Deurali Limestone formation (Maruo, et al, 1973) and upper part of the Ghanapokhara Formation (Shrestha et. al., 1984, 1984). General attitude of beds are strike NW-SE with dip amount of 15o-25o due east.

Kathmandu complex

The rock exposed in the eastern part of study area belongs to the Kathmandu complex (StÖ cklin and Bhattarai, 1977) and can be divided into three formations in the study area.

5. Gotang Khola Formation (Gk)

6. Mude Formation (Md)

7. Kharidhunga Formation (Kh)

5. Gotang Khola Formation (Gk)

Grey coloured garnetiferous schist, phyllite with white quartzite exposed in the Gotang Khola, has been proposed as the Gotang Khola Formation. The Gotang Khola Formation, with visible thickness over 200 m is composed of foliated schist and phyllites containing garnet and chlorite as prophyroblast and stains and can be distinguished in the field from the lower Sildhunga Formation. Garnets are usually of dark red colour and their size is generally less than 2 mm and are interpreted as a product of extensive thrust related shear zone present in the lower part of this formation. In the middle part of the Gotang Khola Formation, white crystalline quartzite and quartzite with micaceous parting are seen. The upper part consists of highly foliated green chlorite-sericite phyllite with quartz veins. The Gotang Khola Formation can be correlated to the Ghanapokhara Formation (Shrestha et. al., 1984).

6. Mude Gneiss (Mg)

Most of the eastern part of the study area is occupied by gneisses typically seen in the Mude village on the Lamosanghu-Jiri road (25 km) and is also extensively exposed around Tauthali, Jaithal, Piskar, Jaljale, Nigale, Pheda and Maga Danda villages. Mude Gneiss, overlying the Gotang Khola Formation, is represented by the augen gneisses, granite gneisses, banded gneisses. Augen gneisses remains dominant rock types for the Mude Gneiss and excellently observed in the Halaule Khola and the Maga Danda. The banded gneisses are found in Mude, Pheda, Jarbute Danda, Sharmthali and Jaljale and the granite gneisses are mostly seen in uphill section of Jaithal village. Augen, usually of about 2 cm, are generally developed along foliation planes and minerals, such as quartz, feldspars, biotite, muscovite and others are abundant in Mude Gneiss. Banded gneisses with characteristic light (quartz & plagioclase) and dark (biotite) bands show preferred orientation of bounded bands and lenses (Fig 3). The basal part of the Mude Gneiss, in contact with the Gotang Khola Formation, is extensively sheared into mylonite. General trend of the foliation plane is E-W and the plunge is 0o to 10o. The Mude Gneiss can be correlated to the Melung augen gneiss (Maruo, et. al, 1973), the Ulleri Gneiss (Shrestha et. al., 1984) and High grade Metamorphic series (Groundstofftechnik, 1973).

7. Kharidhunga Formation (Kh)

The Kharidhunga Formation exposed in the Kharidhunga village 33 km in the Lamosanghu-Jiri road, is composed of grey phyllite and interbeded with garnetiferous chloritic schist and white; green and pink quartzite are the main lithology of the Kharidhunga Formation. Green and grey coloured phyllite are very compacted and can be observed in south west of Role village.

The Kharidhunga Formation shows extensive minerallization, as pyrite, siderite, phyrrotite, hematite. In this formation extensively oxided gossan zone has been found at 34 km of the Lamosanghu-Jiri road. Garnetiferous chloritic schist of Kharidhunga Formation, with almandine garnet (3 mm), is exposed along the trail to Dadar Danda from Kharidhunga and the downhill of Kharidhunga bazaar. Quartzites of the Kharidhunga Formation are exposed in near Aahal bazaar, on the way to Tauthali from Kharidhunga and western part of the Kharidhunga Bazaar. Quartzite, phyllite and schist beds of the Kharidhunga Formation from north of Aahal bazaar to Dadar Danda show evident of synformal structure ( Fig Geological Map).

Calcareous member of the Kharidhunga Formation, proposed as Orind Magnesite bed (Om), is exposed as irregular bands and tongues of dolomites, magnesite and talc with occasional quartzite bands. Similar beds were also found near the Dadar Danda peak (3400 m). Within the magnesite bed talc, siderite, dolomite, pyrite and pyrrhotite can be easily identified and have been technologically considered as impurities to ore grade. The Kharidhunga Formation has been also reported as the Lakharpata Formation. (Shrestha, et. al., 1984).

Surfacial Loose Deposits

Surfacial loose deposit of the study area has been morpho-stratigraphically classified and are found to be a reasonable lithostratigraphical mapping unit (Fig 4). General stratigraphical arrangement of loose surfacial deposits of the area is presented in Table 1.

1. Balephi Boulder (Bb)

2. Thumpakhar Formation (Th)

3. Dandaakhar Formation (Dp)

4. Boche Formation (Bc)

5. Rolekharka Formation (Rl)

6. Dangdunge Formation (Dd)

1. Balephi Boulder (Bb)

The Balephi Boulder represents yellowish white and reddish white coloured debris flows, hanging at an altitude of less than 2500 ft around the Sunkoshi River valley. Type locality for the Balephi Formation is set at the Balephi village on 70 km of the Arniko Highway. Sandy clay with huge boulder having diameter greater than 7 m, are main composition of the formation. Subangular to subrounded pebbles and boulders are dominant. Erosional feature such as gulling are seen inside the Balephi Boulder, attests several episodes of debris flow.

2. Thumpakhar Formation (Th)

The type locality for the Thumpakhar Formation is proposed by the Thumpakhar village at 11 km of the Lamosanghu-Jiri road, and It is distributed over the ridges of height 2500 ft to 4500 ft of the Kharidhunga Mine Field area. It represents a red, light grey to dark grey coloured conglomeratic slope deposit composed of silty clay and ill sorted angular to subangular weathered gravels. The Thumpakhar Formation is mainly distributed around Thumpakhar, Jagireyamna and Thokarpa area. Red coloured silty soil of the Thumpakhar Formation is abundant in the Thokarpa area. Light grey and dark grey coloured silty soil with gravels, pebbles and boulders are found around Jagireyamna and Thumpakhar villages.

3. Dandapakhar Formation (Dp)

The Dandapakhar Formation is proposed around village Dandapakhar and is distributed over the terraces of height 4500 ft to 6000 ft. The Formation, mainly composed of silty clay of cream colour and light brown colour with low amount of gravels and pebbles. The Dandapakhar Formation is distributed around uphill of Thokarpa, Bhoteyamna, Waphal Bhanjyang, Dandapakhar, Thulopakhar, Gairigaon and Piskar area. The Dandapakhar Formation show stepped landscape possibly formed by a retreating glaciers and can be observed around in Thulopakhar, Pakhar, Waphal Bhanjyang and Bhoteyamna area. In some places as in Korkha of the Chaubas village, the formation is found to be as transported mass in the form of slope deposit.

4. Boche Formation (Bc)

Type locality for the Boche Formation is set in Boche village, at 45 km of Lomosanghu - Jiri road, and is distributed over the terraces of height 6000 ft to 7500 ft. The Formation, composed of silty clay of cream and grey colour with low amount of gravels and few erratic boulders upto 4 m is distributed around Boche, Tauthali, Jaithal Jaljale, Gogani Danda, Dhading Danda, Chaubas, Tamche and Bersa villages. Stepped micro-landscape, probably formed by retreating glaciers, carving the formation is commonly found in Bhandarigaon ridge.

5. Rolekharka Formation (Rl)

Type locality for the Rolekhrka Formation is set in the Rolekharka village, at 34 km of the Lamosanghu-Jiri Road, is distributed over the terraces of height 7500 ft to 9500 ft of the study area. The formation, mainly composed of silty clay of cream and brown colour with rare gravels. The formation is distributed in Rolekhaka, Kharidhunga, Mude, Nigale, Maga Danda, Khanigaon (mainly in the eastern part of studied area). The Rolekharka Formation also has good evidence of retreating glaciers. Stepping micro-landscape is also seen in the Rolekharka Formation and Rolekharka village itself lies on one of the step of a retreating glacier (Fig 5). Till and glacio-lacustrine deposits are found to have draped almost all in convex mountain slope as seen in north-east of Rolekharka village.

6. Dangdunge Formation (Dd)

Dangdunge Formation is proposed at the Dangdunge Chaur (pasture) of Dadar Danda at an elevation of 3350 m. Massive loamy fine silty clay of cream and light brown colour of Dangdunge Formation is exposed around Dadar Danda. The formation is mostly found at an altitude ranging from 9500 ft to 11000 ft. It represents the last stage of the probable retreating glaciers and is interpreted as youngest formation of the area.

Table 1, Stratigraphical Correlation

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GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

One large scale thrust faults is clearly recognized in the area. Besides this, local scale faults and intensely deformed rock with several secondary structures are also exposed in the area.

The study area can be conformably divided into two tectono-structural layers.

1. Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone.

2. Mude Allocthonous Zone.

The Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone is situated at western part of the study area and has been previously described as the Tamakoshi window (Kano, T., 1984), includes the Pakhar Formation, the Sigre Formation, the Dhading Danda Formation and the Sildhunga Formation. Intense deformation can be seen in phyllite and quartzite of the Pakhar and the Sildhunga Formations.

The Mude Allocthonous Zone is situated at eastern part of study area. Kharidhunga, Mude and Maga Danda area are locality of the zone and are separated with Sunkoshi Autocthonous zone by the Tauthali thrust. Mude autocthonous zone include the Gotang Khola, Mude Gneiss and Kharidhunga formations and possess more structural dislocations than the Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone.

Tauthali Thrust

The Mude Allocthonous Zone is thrusted over the Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone and is separated by the N-S running Tauthali thrust passing through the middle of the Tauthali village (Fig. 6). It is marked by the lower part of the Gotang Khola Formation and both the underlying (Gotang Khola Formation) and overlying (Mude gneiss Formation) rock units have north dipping beds. It is a distinct concordant tectonic boundary separating the more metamorphosed rocks of the Kathmandu Complex to the east with less metamorphosed rocks of the Nuwakot Complex to the west. The Tauthali thrust is marked by garnetiferrous grey schist with dark red color garnet having diameter less than 2 m and the rock is extensively sheared (The Gotang Khola Formation). The Mude Allocthonous Zone developed as mylonitised gneiss and shows the concordant effect of shearing as folding or wavy form.

The trace of the thrust on the map makes V-shaped turning in most of the streams and U-shaped turning at the spurs. The thrust is parallel to the foliation of the hanging wall (about 10o-20o) and truncates the rock units of the footwall. The Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone is footwall of the Tauthali Thrust.

Faults

The Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone is found to be dissected by Pheda Khola Fault in southern part of study area and is expressed in the field as an abrupt change in lithology, change in attitude and displacement of about 400 m and runs along the Pheda Khola. Few number of small scale faults are observed in Pakhar, Dhading Danda and Sildhunga Formations.

Ghatte Khola Fault, observed in the Mude Allocthonous Zone, lies in south east of study area along the Ghatte Khola and is expressed in the area by garnetiferous banded gneiss zone and bands of mylonite with marked displacement of terraces around Surkhe.

Besides above large fault, there are numbers of small scale fault can be observed in Mude Allocthonous such as Masane Khola fault, observed in Kharidhunga Formation and Orind Magnesite beds. Similarly talc veins of Orind Magnesite beds show small dislocations as faulting.

Folds

The Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone accommodates series of synformal and antiformal folding of various magnitude. A large antiform parallel to The Sunkoshi River around Kothe, Balephi and Kadambas area, is observed in north west part of study area. Small scale folding are extensively found in Dandapakhar, Thokarpa and Chaubas area in the Pakhar Formation.

Kharidhunga syncline runs along the trail to Dadar Danda from Kharidhunga in Mude Allocthonous Zone and is about 550 m long and south-western part of the syncline accommodates magnesite mineralization.

Small scale structure

Foliation, lineation, minor drag fold, joints and veins are the easily noticeable small scale structure widespread in the Sunkoshi Autocthonous Zone and in the Mude Allocthonous Zone. Lineation, veins and lenses of quartz are well developed in phyllite and quartzite of the Pakhar Formation and lenses of quartz also found in the Sildhunga Formation. Lamination of grey and white colour are seen in dolomite of the Dhading Danda formation. Three distinct joint sets are common in Pakhar, Dhading Danda and Sildhunga Formation of which one is parallel to the foliation plane, the other is across the foliation and the third is a random set. It can be observed in stereographic projection of joints shown in Fig 7. Banded structure is a typical small scale structure of the Mude gneiss in the study area (Fig 3 and Fig 8) seen in the Tauthali Thrust zone and the Ghatte Khola fault area.

ENGINEERING CHARACTERS OF SOILS

Soils from all six soil formation of the study area were analysed for Atterberge limits which define the states of a soil in presence of water.

Scatter plots of Plastic Limit ((PL), Liquid Limit (LL) and Plasticity Index (PI) of sediments forming gentler slopes of the area show a clear alignment of geological soil formation (Fig 9, 10 and 11). Geological age of the soils and their altitude is linearly comulable with PL, LL and PI. Younger Dandunge and Rolekharka Formations, soil are most plastic and are usually fine silt. The soil of these formation are vulnerable to creat the soil creep (Fig 12). Sediment of the Boche formation are mostly with low PI but their distribution is rather diffused. It is generally because of the diffrences of sedimentation environment of deposition. Some of the fine sandy clays shows quite high PI (Fig 11). Dandapakhar and Thumpakhar Formations show higher values of PI, PL and LL and mostly oxidised in the nature and neoformation of collids and clays, giving a drastic drop in general permeability of soil. The soil of these fortmation is also has soil slump as found in the thokarpa area (Fig 13). Extreme value of Balephi Boulder Formation is caused by higher content of clayey matrix.

CONCLUSIONS

The rocks of the study area are grouped into the following seven stratigraphic units; Pakhar Formation (gritty phyllite and grey quartzite), Sigre Formation (while quartzite and green phyllite), Dhading Danda Formation (dolomite & quartzite), Sildhunga Formation (dark grey phyllite), Gotang Khola Formation (phyllite garnetiferous schist & white quartzite), Mude Gneiss (banded gneiss), Kharidhunga Formation (dark grey phyllite, white quartzite) with calcareous member Orind Magnesite Bed (magnesite, dolomite and talc).

The surfacial loose deposit of the area is stratigraphically classified as Balephi Boulder, Thumpakhar Formation Dandapakhar Formation, Boche Formation, Rolekharka Formation and Dangdunge Formation. Soil deposits of terraces of Dandapakhar to Dandunge Formation represent Holocene retreating glaciers.

Structurally the area dissected by NS trending the Tauthali Thrust with extensive shearing effect in the Gotang Khola Formation and the Mude Gneiss. Similarly, the Pheda Khola Fault and the Ghatte Khola Fault also show the shearing effect on the rock along the Pheda Khola and the Ghatte Khola.

The area is rich in non-metallic mineral deposit, magnesite and talc, exploited by Nepal Orind Magnesite (P) Ltd, seems to be a very promising economic deposit.

Dangdunge Formation is more silty than Dandapakhar and Thumpakhar Formations and show excessive slumps. Thumpakhar and Dandapakhar Formations are cohesive where as Dangdunge, Boche and Rolekharka Formations are partly cohesive, and older soil formations as Thumpakhar and Dandapakhar are more plastic than younger soil formations (Thumpakhar and Dandapakhar). So it seems that cohesiveness and plasticity of soils seems to be increasing with their geological age.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This paper is basically the sumary of the M.Sc. thesis work of the first author. We are grateful to Dr. Megh Raj Dhital, Reader, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, for the valuable comments and suggesions.

REFERENCES

Dangol, V., 1992, Results of Preliminary Geochemical Studies in the Kharidhunga Magnesite Deposit, Dolakha District, Nepal. Bull. Dept. Geology, Tribhuvan Univ. Kathmandu, Nepal vol. 2 Number 1, proc. symp. "Geodynamics of the Nepal Himalaya", pp. 141-148.

Hagen, T., 1969, Report on the Geological Survey of Nepal, vol.1, In Geology of the Nepal Himalayas, Hashimoto, et. al., Published by the Himalayan committee of Hokkaido University, pp. 35-64.

Kano, T., 1984, Occurrence of Augen Gneiss in the Nepal Himalayas. Journal of Nepal Geological Society vol.4, Special Issue, 1984, pp. 121 - 139.

Maruto, et. al., 1973, Geology of the Chautara Region. Saikon Pub. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, pp. 63-93. Book company, London.

Manandhar G. R., 1965, Exploration of Kharidhunga Prospect. Unpublished report, Nepal Bureau of Mines, Kathmandu, 23 pp.

Poudyal, K.R, and Shrestha, J.N. 1977, Report on Geological and geochemical works in a part of Dolkha - Ramechhap and Solukhumbu area. Unpub. Report. Department of Mines & Geology. Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 1 - 28.

Sharma, R.R., 1980, Ramechhap, Kavre, Dolakha, Sindhupalchowk District, Regional Geological map. Scale 1:50,000. HMG/UNDP, Mineral Exploration Project.

Shrestha, S.B., Shrestha, J.N. and Sharma, S.R., 1984, Geological Map of Central Nepal, DMG, Kathmandu.

StÖ cklin, J. and Bhattarai, K.D., 1977, Geology of Kathmandu Area and Central Mahabharat Range Nepal Himalaya Kathmandu. HMG/UNDP Mineral Exploration Project, Technical Report, New York, 64 p. (Unpublished Report).

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