and beliefs are strikingly simular. It has been found that there are simuilarities in languages, all the way from the Inuit in the Arctic to the Mapuche of Chile. This has been attributed to the post-glacial migration of Athapascan peoples and or the north-south trade movement through the Athapascan corridor  It appears that the first people of the post-glacial period were in direct contact with eachother, with ample evidence all over North and South America to substantiate this premise.  This lends to the impression that not only trade items were exchanged, but cultural and philosophical dogma as well.  What happened in terms of cross-cultural migration prior to the last glacial period is still unknown and open for discussion.

Three Great Mothers. Top left, fig. 3 Toltec version, Bottom left, fig. 4, Azrec mother. Right fig. 5, Sechelt Image, Muhoss'tuhn, Earth-Mother, Coast Salish.  Fig. 5, has been tentatively dated at 2500 years olld, it's true age is unknown.  All three represent the fertility of Mother Earth. Note the similarities; the expressions, the position of their bodies, the universality of the cycle of life.

In the Pacific Northwest, prior to European influences, this pattern seems to be recurrent, (figs. 6,7,8,9) maintaining all the symbolism of its comparative cultures.   Being a maritime society, the feathered serpent of the south, became the serpent of the sea, preserving all the depth of meaning of such symbolism which pervades all cultures.   In turn, by asserting that the first peoples of North America maintained an animalistic belief, rather than a totemic expression, is misleading.   Most of the first peoples believed in a single creator, where the totemic values only added endorsement to ancestral origin.   Somewhere in the totemic symbolism there lies a fine line between ancestry and cosmological influence.   As the people of the Pacific Northwest did not have a recognized symbolic language that we know of, written knowledge of these influences are not available but have been passed down generation to generation in the form of verbal myth and legend.

Top left, fig.6 the Marpole Image, discovered on top of a cairn from the Marpole midden   Bottom left, fig.7 and bottom right fig.8, considered related to Pacific Northwest puberty rites. Top right, fig.9, similar artifact of Canaanite origin used in Asheric invocations, a form of fertility rite.

Ancient metrology is closely linked to the cosmology of most cultures. Evidence of this can be found in Stonehenge, Egyptian pyramids, South American pyramids, Cambodian temples and even in old Jerusalem, to name a few.  Although some of the fringe ideas are contentious, many of these ancient cultures drew close links between their day to day lives and to the

cosmos around them, merging the two astrologically.  Much research has been done into the connection between metrology and cosmology and although there is no concrete evidence that the two are related, it can be hypothisized that it is accurate in principle.