| REPORTED SPEECH (He said that ... / She told me that ...) (Dedi ki ... / O bana dedi ki ...) Birilerinin bize söylediklerini başkalarına aktarmanın iki yolu var. 1. Direct Speech or Quoted Speech (Doğrudan aktarma): Söylenileni olduğu gibi, hiçbir değişiklik yapmadan aktarıyor ve cümleyi tırnak içinde gösteriyoruz. Tom: I am helping my father today. (Bugün babama yardım ediyorum.) Tom said that “I am helping my father today.” Tom “Bugün babama yardım ediyorum,” dedi. 2. Indirect Speech or Reported Speech (Dolaylı aktarma): Bu tür aktarmada kişinin ağzından çıkan bazı sözcüklerde değişlik yapmamız gerekiyor. Kişinin söylediği artık geçmişte kaldığı için cümlede kullanılan zamanın bir derece past’ını alıyoruz. Tom: I am helping my father today. Tom said that he was helping his father that day. (Tom o gün babasına yardım etmekte olduğunu söyledi.) Tom’un ağzından çıkan cümlede neler değişti? Subject: I – he (Kim sorusuna cevap: O) Tense: am helping – was helping (Cümlenin zamanı present continuous iken – past continuous oldu.) Object: my father – his father (Kimin babası sorusuna cevap: Onun babası) Adverb of time: today – that day (ne zaman sorusuna cevap: bugün – o gün) SAY and TELL Söylemek, demek anlamına gelirler. Present, past ve past participle halleri şöyledir: say – said – said / tell – told – told “Tell” fiilini kullandığımız zaman cümlenin kime söylendiğini belirtmek zorundayız. Bu nedenle tell fiilinden sonra ya nesne durumunda bir zamir ya da bir isim bulunur. She told me that she was fine. (Bana iyi olduğunu söyledi.) She told Jane that she was fine. ( Jane’e iyi olduğunu söyledi.) “Say” fiilini kullandığımız zaman böyle bir zorunluluk yoktur. She said that she was fine. Ama yine de kime söylendiğini belirtmek istiyorsak, say’den sonra “to” edatını kullanmamız gerekir. She said to me that she was fine. She said to Jane that she was fine. Tell fiili ayrıca anlatmak, bahsetmek anlamındadır. He told us a story. (Bize bir hikaye anlattı.) He told us about his new job. (Bize yeni işinden bahsetti.) Say fiilini bu anlamda kullanılmaz. TENSE CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH (dolaylı aktarma cümlelerinde tense değişikliği) Aşağıdaki örneklerde ilk cümleler doğrudan aktarma (Quoted Speech), ikinci cümleler dolaylı yoldan aktarmadır (Reported Speech). İkinci cümlelerde yapılan tense değişikliğine dikkat ediniz. 1. She said, “I am watching TV.” She said she was watching TV. (am – was) 2. She said, “Mary is going to watch TV” She said Mary was going to watch TV. (is – was) 3. She said, “I have watched TV.” She said she had watched TV. (have – had) 4. She said, “Mary has to watch TV.” She said Mary had to watch TV. (has – had) 5. She said, “I will watch TV.” She said she would watch TV. (will – would) 6. She said, “I can watch TV.” She said she could watch TV. (can – could) 7. She said, “I may watch TV.” She said she might watch TV. (may – might) 8. She said, “I watch TV every day.” She said she watched TV every day. (watch – watched) 9. She said, “I don’t watch TV very often.” She said she didn’t watch TV very often. (do – did) 10. She said, “Mary doesn’t watch TV very often.” She said Mary didn’t watch TV very often. (does – did) 11. She said, “I must watch TV.” She said she must watch TV. (must – must)* 12. She said, “I should watch TV.” She said she should watch TV. (should – should)* *must ve should sözcüklerinin past hali yoktur. CHANGES IN THE ADVERBS OF TIME (zaman zarflarında değişiklik) now – then, at that time (şimdi – o zaman) today – that day (bugün – o gün) this morning – that morning these days – those days (bu günlerde – o günlerde) tomorrow – the next day / the following day yesterday – the day before, the previous day last week – the week before, the previous week I’m busy now. / He said he was busy then. I feel ill today. / He told me he felt ill that day. We’re working hard these days. / They said they were working hard those days. I’ll call you tomorrow. / She said she would call us the next day. We visited the museum yesterday. / They said they visited the museum the day before. REPORTED QUESTIONS Yes / No Questions Jane: Are you happy? Jane asked me if I was happy. / whether I was happy. Jane: Do you like this city? Jane asked me if I liked this city. Jane: Can you play chess? Jane wanted to know if I could play chess. Jane: Will you join the swimming club? Jane wanted to know if I would join the swimming club. Question Words Robert: What are you doing? Robert asked me what I was doing. Robert: Where do you live? Robert wanted to know where I lived. Robert: How long have you been in this city? Robert asked me how long I had been in this city. Robert: What time can you call me? Robert wanted to know what time I could call him. REPORTED IMPERATIVES (tell somebody to do something) The doctor: Stop smoking! My doctor told me to stop smoking. Kate: Go out! Kate told Jack to go out. The teacher: Be quiet! The teacher told us be quiet. (tell somebody not to do something) Larry: Don’t talk too much. Larry told his friend not to talk too much. The policeman: Don’t park your car here! The policeman told me not to park my car there. Peter: Don’t stand on my way. Peter told the men not to stand on his way. |