Notes______ DNA TECHNOLOGY I. Genetic Engineering     - the application of molecular genetics for practical purposes     -can be used to identify genes for specific traits or to ______________ for a specific trait from one organism to another     -this is useful in _________________, _____________________, and _______________________     A. How do genetic engineers manipulate genes         A. ______________________                 - used to isolate a specific gene                 -bacterial enzymes that will cut DNA into more manageable pieces         B. ______________________                 -transfers an isolated gene to an organism                 -used to clone a gene and transfer it from one organism to another         C. ______________________             1. Isolate DNA from 2 sources (bacteria and human)             2. Cut both DNA's with the same restriction enzyme             3. mix the DNA's             4. Insert plasmid into has bacterium             5. Allow bacteria to reproduce                     -a host organism receiving recombinant DNA in inserted is called a transgenic organisms II. Analyzing DNA         A. DNA fingerprinting             -is a pattern of bands made up of specific fragment from an individuals DNA             -used to compare relations among individuals or evidence at crime scenes             -method for preparation is called _________________.             -it involves extracting DNA from a specimen of blood or other tissue and cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes- the # of              fragments and the length of each fragment vary from person to person             -Accuracy                     -depend on how unique the prints are                     -the ____________________________ of each individual is unique except for identical twins                     -very accurate-compare segments of DNA that tend to vary the most from person to person III. Human Genome Project       - 2 goals             1. Determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome (3 billion nucleotide pairs)             2. map the location of every gene on each chromosome       - began in _______________       - hoped that the knowledge gained from this project will improve diagnosis, treatment, and cures for the 4,000         different genetic disorders       - gene therapy                 - defined as treating a genetic disorder by introducing a ______ into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cell's genome                 -example- ________________       - ethical issues- producing much information about human susceptibility too disease                what does this mean and how could this information by used IV. Practical Uses of DNA technology     A. ______________________________- produces many medicine that are proteins             ex. insulin, produced in bulk by bacteria     B. ____________________________             -combat disease by prevention             -a vaccine is a solution that contains a harmless version of a virus in bacterium             -genes for a disease causing virus's surface proteins can be inserted into a harmless virus             - the transplanted genes cause the harmless virus to produce the surface proteins that alert the body to a present of a pathogen     C. Agricultural             -new strains of plants             -examples: