ORGANIC COMPOUNDS _________________ is the backbone of all organic molecules.  It can bond with other Carbons to form rings or chains.  Carbon prefers to have ________bonds. _______________ are basic units that repeat themselves.  When 2 or more of these combine, a new compound is formed called a ____________________. A ____________________ reaction is the process of joining monomers to build _____________________.  In the process, 2 hydrogens, and 1 oxygen are released & these form ___________________. A ______________________ reaction is the process of breaking down polymers into _____________________.  _____________ is necessary for this reaction to occur. There are 4 Classes of Organic Compounds. 1) 2) 3) 4) CARBOHYDRATES  - living things use carbs as their main source of energy -contain the elements ________________________________ in a ratio of 1:2:1, meaning that if there are 5 Carbon atoms, there will be _____hydrogen atoms & ______ oxygen atoms - examples of carbohydrates are ____________________________________________ - they are mainly used as structural or energy storage molecules _________________________ - are sugars that can’t be hydrolyzed into smaller units        examples are _________________________________Their formula is ________.         They are all ___________________ of each other (they have the same chemical          Formula but different structural formulas) ________________________ - result from the condensation of 2 _________________        Examples are ________________ = glucose + ______________________                             ________________  = glucose + ______________________                              ________________ = glucose + _______________________ ________________________- 1000’s of sugars combined; examples are starch, glycgen & cellulose LIPIDS - examples are ________________________________________ - they contain the elements __________________________ and consist of the monomers _______________ + 3 fatty acids - all are insoluble in water because they are _____________________ compounds - they are used for the storage of energy & in ____________________________ _________________________ fats contain all single bonds & are difficult for the body to break down. _________________________ fats contain more double bonds & are easier for the body to attack.  These are healthier for the body.  These fats can be made saturated by ____________________________ such as in Crisco.  ___________________________ are enzymes that break down fats & oils. Lipids are essential for the body for ____________________________________________________________________. PROTEINS - the basic building blocks for the body - they contain the elements _____________________________________________ - they are made of monomers known as __________________________ - ___________________________ are long chains of amino acids - proteins are held together by _________________ bonds - The 2 classes of proteins are 1)______________________- these make hair, nails, ligaments, & tendons; & 2) ___________________________ - these make things happens & include enzymes & hemoglobin Proteins have a native configuration – this is their original shape.  Most proteins that are denatured cannot be annealed. _____________________ are proteins that act as catalysts(speed reactions).  They lower the activation energy but are not used up in the reaction.  They are specific (think key & lock).  The _________________ is what the enzyme acts on.  The ________________ is where the enzyme & substrate come into contact.  _____________________ help enzymes bind to the substrate (vitamins).  _________________________ slow or stop enzyme activity by either blocking the active site or distorting the enzyme’s shape. NUCLEIC ACIDS - these carry instructions for cellular activities – they store hereditary info to make protein - nucleic acids are made from the monomers of______________________- these are made of 1) a __________________ base (adenine, thymine, guanine, uracil, & cytosine), 2) a _____________ sugar, & 3) a _________ group. The 2 nucleic acids are ______ & _______.  ___ is found in the nucleus & records instructions.  ___ is found in the nucleus & cytoplasm & reads instructions & carries them out.