KINGDOM FUNGI Fungi are ______________ organisms that obtain food by _______________________.  They lack chloroplasts & contain _______________ in their cell walls. The body of a fungus is made of several thin, individual filaments called ________________ that contain cytoplasm & ___________.  These secrete ________________ that digest food.  Digestion is performed ___________________. The intertwined mass of hyphae is termed _____________________________.  It is a tangled mass primarily found under the substrate.  The _____________________________ is the visible portion of the fungus.  Fungi are either _______________________ or ______________________.  Fungi are classified according to ____________________________________.  They are able to grow under a wide range of conditions which makes them annoying pests at times, but also helpful in baking, brewing, winemaking, cheesemaking, & antibiotics.  All but ____________ are multicellular.  Many fungi are saprophytic.  Drawing of a typical fungus:  include mycelia, hyphae, septa,   Basic Characteristics: 1.  Fungi are heterotrophic – 2.  Fungi have filamentous bodies – 3.  Fungal cells contain chitin – 4.  Fungi have nuclear mitosis – 5.  Fungi are eukaryotes - REPRODUCTION Fungi reproduce by releasing ______________.  These form asexually or sexually at the tips of the hyphae.  Spores may be suspended in the air for long periods of time & can be carried great distances (ideal form of reproduction for organisms stationed in one area).  Fungal spores are ___________ (n).  Sometimes fungi contain 2 haploid nuclei, this is termed a ____________________.  FOUR FUNGI PHYLA 1.  _________________________ - also known as zygote fungi – haploid nuclei from different mating types fuse to form _____________ zygotes – develop into zygosporangia  - have _____________ that are surface hyphae & ____________________ that are like “mini-roots” (anchor the fungus) – most common example = _________________________________ - usually has asexual reproduction with spores – has + & - mating strains 2.  ________________________ - form fine asexual spores – sexual spores in asci – hyphae divided by perforated septa – dikaryons – ex. = ______________________________________________ 3.  ________________________ - reproduction is usually sexual – hyphae divided by septa – have a characteristic club-shaped reproductive structure ex.= ____________________________________ 4.  _______________________ - (Fungi Imperfecti) – no known sexual stage of life cycle – ex. = _________________________________________________ FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS ____________________ refers to a close relationship between 2 organisms.  Fungi form symbiotic associations with plants, green algae, & cyanobacteria. 1.  ___________________ - mutualistic relationships between fungi (almost always ascomycetes) & cyanobacteria, green algae, or both; the photosynthetic partners live among the ____________ of the fungus; the fungus derives energy from its photosynthetic partners & cannot survive without them – the fungus provides minerals & protection from the environment for its partner – can live in harsh environments & are often known as _______________________ organisms – sensitive to pollution – good indicators about the environment 2.  ______________________ - mutualistic relationships between fungi & the roots of plants; 80% of all plants have mycorrhizae associated with their roots;; the plant provides sugars to the fungi; in return, the fungi serve as accessory roots, greatly increasing the surface area available for the absorption of ____________________  2 types:  1) ____________________________ - mycorrhizae penetrate the plant root (probably led to the invasion of land by plants), 2)  ____________________________ - mycorrhizae wrap around the root – important for most trees