SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, & PROTECTION
Three systems of the body - _________________, ____________, & _____________ provide support, movement, & protection. ___________ develop & grow through a process called ossification, in which bone replaces ___________ & membranous tissue. Several types of bones make up the skeleton, including _______ bones, _______ bones, & _________ bones. Movement occurs between bones at _________. Some joints are moveable and others do not move. Bones are held together at joints by _______________.
The body has 3 types of muscle tissue: _______________, _____________, & _________. Contraction of a skeletal muscle occurs when a _____________________ causes chemical changes in muscle cells. The reactions enable ___________ filaments to slide over ____________ filaments of the myofibril within the cell. This movement causes the muscles to __________. When the impulse stops, the muscle relaxes.
___________ covers all body surfaces. It consists of the _____________ & the _________. New cells are made in the _________________. Skin pigment, called ______________ is also in the epidermis. Glands, nerves, blood vessels, & hair follicles are in the ______________. A subcutaneous layer under the dermis attaches the skin to the tissues below.
NUTRITION & DIGESTION
The nutrients in food provide the body with _____________ & the materials needed for the growth, maintenance, & repair of body tissue. __________________ & _________ provide energy. _______________ form the building blocks of cells. ____________ & ______________ help regulate body processes. __________ helps break down compounds, transports nutrients, & helps remove wastes.
Digestion is a mechanical & chemical process in which food is broken down into materials the body can use. ________________ are broken down into monosaccharides. ___________ are reduced to _________________________ & glycerol. ____________ are converted to amino acids.
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates starts in the _________. Protein digestion starts in the ______________. Fat digestion begins in the ____________________. All chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, & fats occurs in the small intestine. Water, minerals, & vitamins are absorbed in the ________ ____________________.
CIRCULATION
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood & lymph, & a vast system of blood vessels & lymph vessels. It delivers ____________ & ______________ to cells & carries __________ from cells. The chief carrier in this system is _____________, a liquid tissue made of plasma & 3 types of cells: _____________, ________________, & ______________________.
The _________ is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It functions as ___ separate but coordinated pumps, controlled by the ________ node. The ________ side pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation. The _____ side pumps blood into the systemic circulation.
The major types of blood vessels are _________________, ________________, & _______________. Arteries carry blood away from the ___________. _______ carry blood to the heart. Diffusion of gases & nutrients occurs through __________________.
___ & ____ cells are 2 types of lymphocytes that circulate in body fluids. ______ cells produce circulating antibodies to fight off antigens. _____ cells carry cellular antibodies & detect cancer & virus-infected cells.
RESPIRATION & EXCRETION
______________________ is the process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere & body cells in which cells produce energy from _____________ molecules. Air passes through the nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles into alveoli. Gases are exchanged between the air in the alveoli & blood in the capillaries surrounding them.
A breathing center in the _______ helps control breathing. _________________ occurs when the diaphragm & intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity. Air rushes to fill the lungs because air pressure is ______________ inside the chest than outside the body. When the muscles relax, ___________________ occurs.
The major organs of excretion are the ____________. Their functional units, called __________ filter out water, wastes, & other substances from the blood. Most of the water & other substances essential to the body are reabsorbed. Some chemicals are actively removed from the blood by ______________________ cells & secreted into the filtrate. Filtrate that is not reabsorbed forms ___________ which collects in the ____________ & is then expelled from the body through the urethra.