Modern land plants are descendants of ________________________. Three obstacles that land plants had to overcome are 1) ____________________________, 2) ___________________________, & 3) __________________________. The 2 groups of modern plants include 1) _______________________ - these use special tissues that transport water & nutrients throughout the plant & 2) ________________________ - these have no tissue & transport nutrients through osmosis & diffusion.
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Bryophytes – These have no true ____________, __________, or __________. The life cycle of bryophytes exhibits an _________________ of _________________ in which the haploid gametophyte is the dominant form. Bryophytes are divided into 3 classes: __________________, ____________________, & ____________________. The ________________ (2n) phase of the moss life cycle occurs when gametes fuse. The ________________ develops into a sporophyte, which in turn produces _________ spores by ________________. When the spores germinate, they give rise to the ___________________. The new gametophyte produces ________________ & ____________________. Egg & ___________ are formed. Why they unite, a new ______________ is established.
The gametophytes of liverworts & hornworts are __________________. Both of these groups have a life cycle similar to that of _________________. Liverworts also reproduce asexually by _____________________ & by the production of ______________ usually formed in special ________________________________.
Bryophytes have _______________ that are tiny root-like structures & ____________ that helps prevent dessication. They need ______________ to reproduce.
VASCULAR PLANTS
The vascular plants developed specialized vascular tissues as well as ___________, ________________, & _____________________. These structures enabled vascular plants to grow taller, disperse their ____________________________ more widely, & withstand harsher _________________ than nonvascular plants.
Seedless vascular plants require _____________ for sexual reproduction. Whisk ferns, horsetails, club mosses, & ferns are living relatives of the early seedless vascular plants. Club mosses & ferns have similar __________________________, involving _________________ & ____________________ that develop into the _____________ generation. Ferns, the most varied seedless vascular plants, also commonly reproduce _______________________.
Seed plants include _______________________ & _________________________, the flowering plants. Both produce seeds that consist of an ______________________, _______________________, & a ______________________. Gymnosperms were the 1st land plants with ________________. Their ovules develop ________________. The male gametophyte is called a _____________________. Trees produce 2 types of cones: ________________ & _______________________. Examples of gymnosperms include _____________________, ____________________, __________________, & __________________. Conifers have adapted well to life in ______________ regions. They do not require _________________ for reproduction.
Angiosperms are the dominant plants on Earth. They are classified as _____________ or ______________. Monocots contain _____ cotyledon, _____________ veins, flowers in ___________, & scattered bundles. They include ___________________________. Dicots have _______ cotyledons, _____________ veins, flowers in ___________ & bundles in circles. They include _______________. Angiosperms produce ________ & _______________ that provide much of the food essential for animal life. They enclose their seeds in _______________ that help ensure their survival.
PLANT TISSUE
Plants contain 3 kinds of tissue: ______________, ______________, & _____________. All new plant cells are produced in specific areas called __________________. Cells produced in the root’s apical meristem differentiate into the ___________, _____________, & __________________. Roots may develop as taproots or fibrous roots. All roots ___________________________, __________________, & ___________________.
Stems support plant growth above the ground & transport water & food between the _______________ & ___________________. The vascular tissue found here includes _______________ which takes nutrients from the roots to the leaves & _____________ which takes nutrients from the leaves to the roots. ______________ stems are supported by turgor pressure. ____________ stems are supported by the wood produced by secondary growth.
Most of a plant’s photosynthetic cells are contained in the _______________. Leaves exchange ____________ & release ____________ by the opening & closing of their _______________ which are tiny pores. Water movement in plants results from ______________________, ______________, & the pull created by _______________.
___________________ pulls water up into the xylem. The evaporation of water from the leaves (transpiration ) causes the pulling of the water. 90% of the water is lost as vapor through transpiration. ________________ occurs when carbohydrates are moved from the leaves to the roots.
REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Flowers consist of highly modified __________ that are specialized to carry out sexual reproduction. Essential flower parts include the pollen-producing _____________ & the ______________ that contains the ovary. The nonessential flower parts protect & adorn the reproductive structures & aid in __________________. They are called ____________ & ________________. A perfect complete flower has all the essential & nonessential flower parts – ex. _________________. An incomplete flower lacks 1 or more parts – ex. ________________. An imperfect flower has the reproductive structures of only 1 sex – ex. _____________________.
Pollination is the process of transferring ripe ____________ from the ____________ to the __________________. Each pollen grain contains a _________________ & a ____________________. The generative cell produces _______ sperm cells. In double fertilization, one _________ fuses with the egg cell while the other fuses with the _______________________. This forms a ______________ & __________________ which nourishes the developing embryo. In ______________________________ pollen stays on 1 flower. In ______________________ the pollen is transferred to another plant of the same species.
A fruit develops from the ____________ of a flower. Fleshy fruits are attractive to animals, which eat them & then disperse their _____________. Dry fruits have structures that help carry their seeds in _________________ & _______________ currents. _______________ fruits have a single ovary – ex. __________________. ___________________ fruits contain many pistils on the same flower – ex. _____________. ___________________ fruits have many single fruits that fuse together to form 1 single structure – ex. ____________________. Seeds are dispersed by ________, ______________, ____________, & _____________________. Seeds usually experience a ______________ period before ______________________.
Plants produced asexually have the same _________ as the parent plant. Plant cultivators use methods of _____________________ such as cutting & grafting.
GROWTH & RESPONSE IN PLANTS
Growth & response in plants result from interaction between plants & their _____________. All plants need a certain amount of ___________ & __________ to grow. The length of daily exposure to light also triggers ________________ in some plants. This response is called _________________________. Each photoperiodic species is either a __________ day or a _________ day plant. Long-day plants flower in _________________ like ________________. Short-day plants flower in ______________ or ______________ like _________________. Day-neutral plants can produce flowers throughout the growing season. ______________ & ______________ are responses to temperature that enable plants to survive winter in temperate regions.
______________________ are internally produced substances that alter the internal chemistry of plants. __________________ stimulate cell elongation while inhibiting the growth of buds & roots. These migrate to the dark sides of the plant causing the plant to bend toward the light. They are also used in cuttings to promote growth. ______________ stimulate rapid growth & cause germination & flowering by breaking down stored foods. These are common in miniature flowers. ______________ stimulate cell division. Other hormones affect the development of _______________ & ____________. A hormone may have different effects in different organisms.
Plants also respond to external stimuli by ________________. Tropisms such as phototropism result from growth toward or away from a _______________. Nastic movements result chiefly from changes in _____________ pressure & are independent of the direction of the stimulus. Typical nastic movements involve the opening & closing of ________________ or ______________is response to daylight & darkness.