| My site is now being hosted by my college. Please go THERE Below is the old content. It is not being updated so please go: ________________________________________________________________________________________ Yet Another Periodic Table by Samuel Stearley Version #3.7 Copy write 2000-2001 ________________________________________________________________________________ The Documentation in the .zip will probably be more up to data. MESSAGE: _______________________________________________________________________________ I stress that data might have been entered incorrectly, but the probability of such errors is the same as other tables. So I cannot be held responsible for errors. If you find errors then please contact me. FILES IN THIS ZIP ARCHIVE: _______________________________________________________________________________ English\yapt.89z -The ti89 version. English\yapt.9xz -The ti92+ version. English\yapt.92p -The ti92 version. It is a stripped down version because relatively little rom call documentation is available for the 92. But you still have the more powerful features like the molar mass computator. English\yapt.89y -Exepacked version of yapt.89z English\yapt.9xy -Exepacked version of yapt.9xz Francais\yapt.89z -The ti89 version. It is in French. Francais\yapt.9xz -The ti92+ version. Francais\yapt.92p -The ti92 version. It is a stripped down version because relatively little rom call documentation is available for the 92. But you still have the more powerful features like the molar mass computator. Francais\yapt.89y -Exepacked version of yapt.89z Francais\yapt.9xy -Exepacked version of yapt.9xz history.txt -The version history of yapt. description.txt -The description of the various versions used in the ticalc.org file system. yapt.htm -This file, it is the readme. EXECUTION: _______________________________________________________________________________ Yapt is nostub. It requires no kernel or libraries. So send it to your calc and run it. The Fargo version requires flib. Yapt can also accept arguments. When executed with arguments the program will prompt for a chemical formula. See the part of the documentation which details the chemical formula editor. This feature is not in the Fargo version. I use this chemical formula editor feature from a kbd program, that is why I decided that the interface to it should be passing an argument. The Exepacked versions require ttstart, which is from the tigcc tools suite to decompress and execute them. The tict file explorer has this ttstart built in. Or you could let Ash apply the decompressor that comes with ash. Remember to choose which label strings and which sub orbital coordinate system and even the default atomic number one prefers before archiving. The ymaxs used in the trait grapher are adjustable and are remembered when the program exits, so set them the way you like before archiving. DATA DISPLAYED ON THE MAIN SCREEN: * Labeled On Screen _______________________________________________________________________________ name-> IUPAC approved symbol number mass oxsets type group-> The common American usage AND the integer type recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. melting point* boiling point* electron affinity*-> Remember that there are two sign conventions used with this data item. heat of vaporization* heat of fusion* specific heat* electronegativity* state at STP* hardness* heat atomization* density* atomic volume* thermal conductivity* electrical conductivity* date of discovery*-> This data item only took 220 bytes to code in so do not bother to tell me that it is frivolous. polarizability* abbreviated electron cloud diagram-> Those elements which do not follow the normal order of filling are patched. There are a couple standards as to how they should be ordered. Of course I use the standard in my chem. textbook. DATA DISPLAYED ON THE ELECTRON DATA PAGE: ______________________________________________________________________________ symbol number 2 dimensional electron cloud diagram-> Those elements which do not follow the normal order of filling are patched. There are also three coordinate systems used with this item. Whether or not the sub orbital filling is normal or abnormal Bohr electron model 1st ionic energy* 2nd ionic energy* 3rd ionic energy* atomic radius* ->This is the nonbonding atomic radius. The description of this data item found at http://www.webelements.com/ says that many sources cite this data item for group 1 and 2 greater than those given at webelements- webelements was not my source and the values given in yapt do not always agree with webelements. Webelements also cites a few other elements which there are measurement inconsistencies floating around. 2- through 3+ Ionic radii* ->remember that these vary according to geometry. The geometry for the values given is often the six coordinate octahedral. But that is not guaranteed. DATA DISPLAYED ON THE THIRD DATA PAGE: _______________________________________________________________________________ number symbol crystal structure* acid/base property* color* latin/greek word(s) from which the name/symbol was deduced. Sometimes it digresses from being Latin or Greek. NMR frequency table* ->This data may be found online at: http://web.mit.edu/ speclab/www/nmrfreq.html For each isotope: -isotope number* -spin of isotope* -abundance isotope* -3 NMR frequencies* abundance in earth's crust* abundance in the solar system* NOTES ON ABUNDANCE DATA ITEMS: ___________________________________________________________ The solar system abundance is relative to Silicon. The value given is: / \ / \ | # of atoms of element | Log | __________________________ *1E6 | | | | # of atoms of silicon | \ / \ / The abundance in the crust is: / \ / \ | mg of element in crust | Log | ___________________________ | | | | kg of crust material | \ / \ / KEYS ON ALL DATA PAGES: _______________________________________________________________________________ right or left arrows-> Increase or decrease the atomic number. And if on the main data page the cursor will move. On the 92+ any program which modifies the general key repeat rate will also modify yapt's cursor repeat rate. ---If two keys are given the second key given is used in the 92+ version--- apps-> Display the electron data page unless already on the electron data page. backspace or enter-> Display the third data page unless already on the third data page. Backspace can auto repeat like an arrow so do not hold this key down for too long. Catalog or f8-> Go to the Custom Data Page. See the documentation of this data page. esc-> Exit the program, yapt will remember where it is on the chart. f1-f3-> Smart searches. f4-> About page. f5-> Toggles between two labeling systems. The user can choose between descriptive labels OR non-descriptive labels with units. Yapt will remember the users choice. This will have no effect on the third data page. Diamond or Ln-> Enter individual export mode, the user can pick any numeric data item on the screen and store it to the clipboard or to the history, read below for more info. This feature is not in the Fargo version. "x" or sin-> Enter molar mass computator. "y" or cos-> Difference between electronegativity computator. "z" or tan-> Quiz for element names, will give the symbol. See quiz section. "t" or "^"-> Quiz for element symbols, will give the name. See quiz section. "^" or "/"-> Goes to the data property grapher. 2nd or f6 -> It will place the atomic mass of the current element into the clipboard and immediately exit. This feature seems useless but it is occasionally useful for some questions on chem. tests. This feature is not in the Fargo version. It was put in to aid manual molar mass calculations for testing and debugging the molar mass computator. shift or f7-> Export data. See the section on data exportation. This feature is not in the Fargo version. Any other key will return the user to the main data page. KEYS UNIQUE TO THE MAIN DISPLAY: ________________________________________________________________________________ up and down arrows-> Move the cursor up or down. KEYS UNIQUE TO THE ELECTRON DATA PAGE: ________________________________________________________________________________ clear-> Will cycle between three coordinate systems for the electron sub orbital diagram. The default is the one in my chem. text book. It will remember which coordinate system was chosen when you exit, so be sure to set it the way you like before archiving. The second coordinate system is like the one in Elements for the ti86 and is seen in a few other places like at http://www.webelements.com/ that also uses arrows to depict electron spin and pairing. The second system also allows the user to see the relationship between the suborbitals and the bohr model better than the other two. The third is a one-dimensional diagram. I put it in because I saw that someone had made a basic program for the 89, which did the same thing. There is a standard that has them in another order, but my chemistry textbook does not use that standard. KEYS UNIQUE TO THE THIRD DATA PAGE: ________________________________________________________________________________ NONE CUSTOM DATA PAGES: _______________________________________________________________________________ The data for each custom data page is an external text file. These text files must be in a folder named "zzcnotes". The name of the text file for each element is simply the symbol of that element. The data of the text file will be printed on the data page. It only allows for 1 full data page and there is no word wrapping. SEARCHES: _______________________________________________________________________________ f1-number search. f2-symbol search. f3-name search. In the number search type in numbers, if you type a number greater than 11 yapt will automatically take you to that number. If you type a number less than or equal to 11, press enter to go to elements 1-11. If you type in a third number then you have inputted a number greater than 11 and so it will automatically take you to that number. In the symbol and name search type in characters. Do not hit the alpha or shift modifiers. If for example you want Hydrogen, after typing in the "H" hit enter. It doesn't know yet if you want Hydrogen or if you want Helium. Any time an inappropriate key is pressed in the searches it is ignored. And if a letter is pressed which does not narrow the search then the letter is also ignored: therefore it is impossible to input a non-existent name, symbol, or atomic number. The escape key will exit a search, backspace will remove the last key pressed, and clear will get rid of everything typed in. MOLAR MASS COMPUTATOR: ________________________________________________________________________________ In the molar mass computator first type in a symbol; do not worry about upper and lower case. To input a one letter symbol just press enter after thesymbol and the cursor will move into the subscript OR type the letter of that one letter symbol a second time. It will automatically bring the user into the subscript if the user enters a unique symbol. Note: It will now prevent the user from entering a non-existent symbol. This protection is not complete. It will still let the user type in partial symbols. See the history for a couple examples. The limit on the subscript is 2^16-1 (65535). IT WILL PREVENT YOU FROM ENTERING A SUBSCRIPT THAT IS TOO BIG. When done entering the subscript press enter and the cursor will move back up to enter the next symbol. If you do not wish to enter a subscript press enter and the cursor will move up for the next symbol. Continue entering symbols and subscripts in this fashion till you are done. The molar mass computator also supports nested parenthesis. A parenthesis may be inputted while the cursor is in the subscript or the normal line. All parenthesis must be closed in order to evaluate the molar mass by pressing apps and something has to have been entered to evaluate the molar mass. ON THE 89 YOU ENTER A "(" WITH THE 2ND BUTTON AND THE ")" WITH THE GREEN DIAMOND BUTTON. To evaluate the molar mass press apps. The molar mass will be calculated and displayed. The calc will then idle. The user may press apps again to store the result directly to the home screen history. Storing the result to the history is not supported in the Fargo version. Storing the result to the history will activate the home application, but most likely the home app was already activated. Or once the molar mass is evaluated you can store a matrix that has the percent composition by mass of each element to the history by pressing f1. Or if you press F2 it stores the percent compositions for each element individually from the others as history pairs. If you will be doing calculations with these ratios then this second method is better because it provides easier access. (just scroll through the history to get it) Regardless of which option you choose it will still store the computated mass along with the ratios. And it will store the formula as an entry. The percent compositions by mass for each element will will be stored in order of atomic number. The form of this matrix is as follows: [[ “MASS:” massOfCompound ] [ “Elem1” massOfElem1InCompound/MassOfCompound ] [ … … ] [ “ElemX” massOFElemXInCompound/MassOfCompound ]] [Backspace] will backspace, [escape] will escape, and [clear] will clear. [Home] on the 89 and [diamond] + [v] on the 92+ will paste stuff in from the clipboard into the molar mass calculator. This is not in the Fargo version. This feature is also available in the chemical formula editor. The user may not type more than 150 characters on the screen at once. If the computated molar mass goes above 9999999999999999.99999999 the user will receive an overflow error. This is more than tios's floating point computations can handle so when storing results to the history it is possible to loose some digits. If the user tries to evaluate a molar mass with a non-Existant symbol, or a character that is not allowed (Chemical Formula Editor), or a mass which causes an overflow an error message will be printed, and the enteredformula will be placed in the clipboard, so that you may then try again and edit out the mistake. CUTTING IN THE MM COMPUTATOR: _____________________________________________________________ Suppose that you enter a very big formula and see a mistake at the beginning and need to correct it. Now I am too lazy to implement an insert cursor mode so instead yapt will allow you to cut off the end of the formula, fix the mistake, then paste what you cut off back on. To do this press the left arrow and keep pressing it until You have highlighted everything that you wish to cut off. The highlighting is a bit odd. It highlights everything until it hits an uppercase letter, a ‘+’, the store arrow, or either of the parenthesis. When you are done highlighting you press [apps] to cut the text away. Press [escape] if you decide that after all you do not want to cut anything. Press [clear] to delete the highlighted text. [backspace] will not delete anything. Yapt will use the tios clipboard to store stuff so after you exit yapt you can paste text if you so desire. This feature is not in the Fargo version. Of course this all applies in the chemical formula editor. EXTRA NOTES FOR ONLY THE 92(+) OWNERS: ______________________________________________________________ It is no longer necessary to press enter to go in and out of the subscripts. If you type Letters while in the subscript (or the exponent in the formula editor) the cursor will move into the normal entry line and the letter will be displayed. If numbers are entered in the normal line then the cursor moves into the subscript and the numbers are printed. If you wish to enter a 1 letter symbol with no subscript type the symbol, press shift, and type the first letter of the next symbol in uppercase. Meaning that you do not have to go in and out of the subscript. EXTRA NOTES FOR THE 89 OWNERS: _______________________________________________________________ If you want the next letter you input to be uppercase you can press the up arrow. You no longer have to go in and out of the subscript to enter one-letter symbols. If the up arrow is pressed while the cursor is in the exponent or the subscript then the cursor will move into the normal entry line. If you want Hydrogen with a Subscript, you can type an H and then type another h and the cursor will move into the subscript. This means that you do not have to move your thumb over to the enter key and press it to move the cursor into the subscript. This also applies to Carbon and other one-letter symbols. The "(" character is mapped to the 2nd modifier and the ")" is mapped to the diamond modifier. The character mode is printed in the lower right corner. Even in number mode the keys with letters not on the number keys still behave as letter keys! For example if you typed "Ca45" the cursor would be in the subscript. If you then hit the "=" button the cursor moves instantly out of the subscript the character "A" is placed. In this case you did not have to press [enter] to first move the cursor out of the subscript. So now the only way to type parenthesis is with the [2nd] + [diamond] buttons, and you must use [shift] and [alpha] to enter the store and plus characters in the chemical formula editor. THESE EXTRA NOTES ALSO APPLY DURING THE CHEMICAL FORMULA EDITER. CHEMICAL FORMULA EDITER: ________________________________________________________________________________ I downloaded the Alchemistry package released by Alex Astashyn. (To get it go to the download area of: http://sq.calc.org) After familiarizing myself with the programs in this package I decided that after using the molar mass computator described above I really hate to type in the formulas in the entry line. So I re-wrote the molar mass editor to be more like an event driven program. There are now two drivers for this program the first is used to input the molar mass and then evaluate it. The second allows more stuff like inputting exponents for ions, the plus character and the store character, and the negative sign when inputting a negative ion. Here is the syntax when passing arguments to yapt: yapt(arg1,["appendString"]) If the append string argument is present then the output will be preceded with the append string and it will end with a ")" For example the append string could be "chem\chembal(" If there is no append string argument present, then the output will be only be enclosed in quotes. Arg1 can be either a string or anything else. If it is a string then yapt assumes that it is a formula that user wants to re-edit. If it is not a string then a blank editing session is started. And if that string is the output of chembal, then the output is pretty printed. When done press apps and the entered formula will be placed in the clipboard and the program will exit. Then paste the string as an argument for the balancing function or the molar mass function both provided in the Alchemistry zip package. On the 89 shift is the same as the store character and alpha is the plus character. 2nd and alpha work the same as in the molar mass computator. The chemical formula editor is not in the Fargo version. DIFERENCES FROM THE PREVIOUS VERSIONS: _____________________________________________________________ You CAN use it to view the output of the chembal program. It now applies smart limitations to formulas the user is re-editing. There is the append ability. You can now press f1 to apply the molar mass computator. It will not export anything to the clipboard, but you can still store results to the history. If it encounters an exponent, a plus or store arrow, an error will be printed and the calc will idle. It now allows for entering coefficients. To do so press the Right arrow. It will then allow numbers in the normal line (as opposed to the subscript or exponent) When done with the coeffient press enter or type a letter. (remember that even in number mode on the 89 you can still type letters on non- number keys) It will restrict you from entering coeffients when you should not. Press f3 for (aq), f4 for (s), and f5 for (g). The aqueous symbol is stored as char 0xFD, the solid symbol is char 0xFE and the gaseous symbol is char 0xFF. The chembal program from the alchemistry package will not recognize them as state symbols so do not put them into formulas that you would be balancing. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTRONEGATIVITY COMPUTATOR: __________________________________________________________________________________ This was a feature on a ti86 assembly program that I use to use and now it is replicated here. It will use the symbol smart searcher to request the elements to find the electronegativy difference between. It will print the difference, and the bond associated with that difference. Then it will calculate the %ionic character with the following formula: (1-exp(-(0.25)(CalculatedDifference)^2)) * 100 Then the calc will idle. If one inputs the symbol of an element whose electronegativity is unknown then an error message will be displayed and the user must input a different symbol. SYMBOL/NAME ASSOCIATION QUIZZER: ________________________________________________________________________________ Depending on which button is used to enter the quizzer the user will have to enter symbols given a name OR will have to enter a name given a symbol. If the user enters an incorrect symbol/name the user will then have to try again. If the user wishes to give up just press escape. The answer will be printed. If the User is done press escape again, or press anything else to continue being quizzed. DATA TREND GRAPHER: _______________________________________________________________________________ The user will first be presented with a menu to select the numeric data item the user wants graphed by moving the marker (which is a small box) to the data item and pressing enter. It will then be graphed as a scatter plot and the calc will idle. The first tick of the x-axis is x=zero, ticks are then placed with x increments of 10. Unknown data items are graphed at y equals zero and all marks are placed with xor logic so unknown items and known items with values that cause it to fall upon the x-axis will delete part of the x-axis. If a value is greater than the ymax then it is placed at the top of screen rather than off the screen. The up key will increase the ymax variable, and each graph has its own ymax variable. The change will be remembered when done, so set the ymax variable to how you like it before archiving, else it will not be remembered. The down key will decrease the ymax variable. There are limits as to how far ymax may be increased or decreased. Ymax will be printed in the lower right corner with a label. A tick mark is placed at ymax. The "^" or "/" key will take the user back to the menu to pick another trend to graph. The key depends if the user has a 92+ or an 89. Right and left arrows move the trace cursor right or left. F1-F3 do smart searches, the results of which will move the cursor around. And escape returns the user to the main table part. The elements name and the numeric value used as the y coordinate (the x coordinate is the atomic number) will be given at the top of the screen. The symbol and atomic number will be placed between two arrows pointing left and right like on the non-main data pages. The units of the data item will be displayed at the top of the screen. DATA EXPORTATION: _______________________________________________________________________________ Press shift on the ti89 or f7 on the ti92+. This feature is not in the Fargo version. The user will be presented with a menu to select the data item to export. So select an item. Values whose data elements are unknown are given in the list as undefined. It will then tell the user the name the list was created to. The idea is that the user will be able to put the data through various data analysis. The variable will be made in the current folder. If you archive a list and then have yapt export the same list odd stuff may happen. I say that this is a stupid thing to do. It will also make a list of the atomic numbers called "atm_num" INDIVIDUAL EXPORT MODE: ______________________________________________________________________________ To use this feature press diamond on the 89 or ln( on the 92+. This feature is not available on the custom data page and it is not in the Fargo version. First you should try it on the main data page. The first thing you should see is that the label of hardness is now printed inversely: This means that hardness is selected. Press the down and up arrows to change what is selected. Down moves the selector in the "forward" direction. Up moves the selector in the "backward" direction. When you have selected the numeric item you want press the left arrow to export to the history. Press the right arrow to export to the clipboard and immediately exit yapt. If you decide that you do not wish to do either of these two things then press escape to go back to normal browsing. If you choose to export to the history, units will be added. It uses predefined Units whenever possible, but in some circumstances it is not. There is a predefined joule unit, but no Kilo joule unit so for kj/mol it uses the unit (1000 * j/mol). The 1000 will not be evaluated out of the expression when it is put to the history. I do not want it to. If I evaluated the expression then measurements like angstroms will be converted to the default length measurement unit of Meters (and I want it to be in angstroms), of course you could change the default to Angstroms but I doubt that you would want to. The selector moves from item to item in the order that they are stored. So on the main page the movement will be random, I could redo the layout of the data, but I like the way it is positioned now. Or I could redo the entire structure in which the data is stored but that would be very tedious and very long, so you shall have to suffer. Also on the electron data page you cannot select the electronegativity, to do so you must select the electronegativity while on the main data page. If you are too lazy or love efficiency, shortcuts have been provided so that you do not have to actually scroll to the data item you want. The shortcuts are positioned on the keyboard to be similar to how the data is positioned on screen. For example the electron affinity is on the left edge of the screen so the shortcut for the electron affinity data item is on the left side of the keyboard. The electron affinity is positioned above the heat of vaporization on the screen, so the shortcut for the electron affinity is positioned above the shortcut for the heat of vaporization. Now hear they are: Note that on the 89 the keyboard will be in alpha mode but there will not be any indicator of the alpha mode printed. TI89 SHORTCUTS: __________________________________________________ MAIN DATA PAGE: _______________________________________ 2ND - Electron affinity diamond - Heat of Vaporization home - Heat of Fusion x - Heat of Atomization A - Specific heat F - electro negativity K - polorizability P - hardness I - Year discovered N - Thermal Conductivity S - Electric Conductivity ^ - Volume E - Density F4 - Melting Point F5 - Boiling Point ELECTRON DATA PAGE: _______________________________________ 2ND - 2- IR diamond - 1- IR home - 1+ IR x - 2+ IR a - 3+ IR clear - 1st IE ^ - 2nd IE E - 3rd IE F - Atomic Radius 3RD DATA PAGE: ________________________________________ 2ND - Abundance in the crust Diamond - Abundance in the solar system TI92 PLUS SHORTCUTS: _________________________________________________________ MAIN DATA PAGE: Note that the column associated with the data items on the left side of the screen is laying on it’s side. ________________________________________ q - Electron affinity w - Heat of Vaporization e - Heat of Fusion r - Heat of Atomization t - Specific heat y - electro negativity u - polorizability i - hardness 9 - Year discovered 6 - Thermal Conductivity 3 - Electric Conductivity ^ - Volume / - Density cos( - Melting Point tan( - Boiling Point ELECTRON DATA PAGE: _______________________________________ ( - 2- IR 7 - 1- IR 4 - 1+ IR 1 - 2+ IR 0 - 3+ IR 9 - 1st IE 6 - 2nd IE 3 - 3rd IE Decimal Place - Atomic Radius 3RD DATA PAGE: ________________________________________ ln( - Abundance in the crust Sin( - Abundance in the solar system Alternatively there is another way to store numeric data items to the history. Go the element whose data you want to store. Then start the data trend grapher or the data exporter. Move the cursor to select the data type you want to store and when the cursor is there press diamond on the 89 or LN( on the 92+ to store to the history. FUTURE PLANS: _______________________________________________________________________________ More data. Any random improvement I might happen to think up J This might be the last release, I’ll see what happens. Translations to other languages; help needed. CONTACTING THE AUTHOR: ________________________________________________________________________________ Please send questions, comments, and bugs to me. Download the .zip for my email (damn spam bots.)When reporting a bug be specific as to how it happened, and describe your system- Calc, Hardware version, AMS version, Kernel and Kernel version. Also tell me How yapt was launched. If you send suggestions then know that I really like the interface so do not tell me that it is not graphical enough. Do not ask me to add more data. I know there is more data and I will add it in my own time if I chose to do so. If you do not understand certain data items because you have not learned about them in school then do not ask me to explain them. THE FINE PRINT: _________________________________________________________________________________ Yapt may be distributed anyway possible without permission as long as no profit is made off of that distribution. If profit is being made on such a distribution then my permission is needed. This includes but is not limited to CDs, floppies, and downloads off of an internet or ftp site. Yapt may not be distributed in such a way that it looks like it is part of another package and so appears to have been written by someone else. Do not separate the files in this zip archive or distribute a modified version of this zip archive. The code is open source, I hope others can learn from it. Any program that uses any code from yapt must be open source. And for the sake of version control please contact me if you plan to add more to yapt. I am not responsible for any crash, damage to calculator, or loss of data that might result from the use of yapt. I do not guarantee that the data given in yapt is correct and I am not responsible for anything that is done based on incorrect data. Some data is owned and copy written by the Journal of Chemical Education and may only be redistributed with their permission. Their website is at: http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/ The NMR frequency data belongs to MIT and needs their permission to be distributed. Here is the url for said data: http://web.mit.edu/speclab/www/nrfreq.html THANKS AND COMPLIMENTS: _______________________________________________________________________________ -Florian Joffrin for the French Translation. -The Journal of Chemical Education owns and provided a lot of data on Chemicool and they gave me permission to distribute data on Chemicool. Their website is http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/ -David Hsu for http://www.chemicool.com. This was my primary source. -Gareth James for his history/home application documentation. -Zeljko Juric for all his Tigcc documentation which I have enjoyed reading through. -Rusty Wagner for VTI. -Alex Astashyn for his Alchemistry package. This is available at the download area of http://sq.calc.org/ -JL for prdc86p, Andrew Hockman for Elements, and Stephen Hicks for chem86. I used these programs when I had my 86 and their influence is in yapt. Of course I also took features from the 83plus flash app periodic table, so maybe some thanks should go to TI. -Jimmy Mardell for writing a very extensive 68k guide, and line library code. -Francois Leiber for OthelloII. |