Human Brain Computer (HBC)-Model
By Masakazu Nakayama
Note: This is the text written by Mr. Nakayama in
1988. I met him around 1984 and started to see him
over 15 years period whenever I had a
occasion to visit Japan. Although he has written many
books in Japan, none is available in English.
I enjoyed talking with him very much about Zen, HBC, Mechanism of
Inspiration, Quantum Physics, Buddhism, etc. until his death in 2000 . Especially those with interest in solving problems at
work, life, etc., this text may be offer some
benefits.
Because of the
difficulty I faced, exhibits are not reproduced. Where appropriate, I corrected the English
from the original text to make it easier to read. Although
merely reading this short text may not improve the quality of our life nor for
us to become brilliant all of sudden, by scrutinizing how we use our brain and
how inspiration is gained, we may find the benefit. My
comments are in ((..)) – Kio Suzaki
(5/10/03)
The following is my quote embedded in the text below. Since HBC has am interesting tie with the
Buddha’s enlightenment, I post it here as well:
((If we stretch our imagination, it may be that Buddha’s teaching
about “going to the other shore” indicates: 1) to realize that there is a gap
between conscious and unconscious and 2) unless we can find the way to
unify/resolve the two seemingly different sets of world we live in the world of
samsara- suffering.
To fully become aware of this may be called enlightenment and to live
according to the best use of this system according to the nature’s way may be
called as Bodhisattva’s life. ))
((When I mentioned “Use the brain, Listen
to the Heart, and Live with the Mission.” in my book, “Results from the Heart,”
I now find that the HBC model also points out the intention/meaning of that
message. Although Mr. Nakayama had
already passed away in the year 2000, I believe he
would approve the intention of my comments.
On one hand, there is nothing to be talked
about on these points. Yet, on the other
hand, there is a lot to be talked about and bring the
meaning in this world. Whatever the
reason we end up in living in this situation as human, we are meant to live
such a paradox and to express the meaning out of it. -
Kio))
Contents
Communication
and Control in Living Bodies
Human
Brain Computer (HBC Model)
Natural
Quest and Natural Love
Rational
(Analytical) Thinking
“Cybernetics” created by Nobert Wiener is the
“theory of communication and control between living things and machine.” In the information age, our society is getting more and
more complicated. To cope with the life in such an
intricate society, it has to be sought how to handle tactfully (i.e. control
method) the information (conveyed to us through communication). However, let us see the question of communication and
control practiced in our “brain”, in respect of man’s
creativity.
If you are in a hurry, you can start reading from the next “Human Brain Computer.”
Machine is made by man, who can, then, operate the machine at his will. However, to use it freely, he has to be well versed in it. As often compared with ships (‘Cybernetics’ is derived from ‘to steer a ship’.), it is not enough to put a ship heading toward a port of destination, turn on the engine and start navigation straight. As currents change the direction or wind starts to blow, the direction of the ship is controlled by constantly observing the values, ’communicating’ the value transition toward its steering gear and by which setting the gear in motion.
That is shown in Fig.1:
Fig.1 Control System
Input— Black Box —Output
Feedback
“Black box” in this case means a device which dispatches appropriate signals to the steering gear by catching directions and velocities of wind. This role is played by a human being, i.e. an oarsman in a small boat. However even only this role requires quite complex devices, to let it processed in automated devices. On the other hand, once such devices are made, the operator does not need to know how and what are working in the devices. Such a device is called, “black box” as ‘the comments are unknown.’
Take an example of a television set. Laymen have no knowledge how the inside of the set is, but it does not mean that they cannot operate it. Even children ‘control’ them all right. When you want to watch TV, you will turn on the switch. This is ‘input’. Then pictures will appear, that is ‘output’. If not satisfied, you will turn the volume—knob for lauder sound, that is, adding ‘input’. This means ‘feedback’.
When the feedback works correctly, it means that the black box is guaranteed to ‘give the same output when given the same input.’ In case you happen to complain your TV set is such a capricious one that pushing its button No.1 gives channel 1 but channel 3 in other occasion, that is out of control for sure. Therefore, the black box here has to be the one with ‘logic circuit.’
As ships and TV sets are machines, they are surely provided with logic circuit. But a living being is another question. Human beings, what is more, are extremely complicated and inscrutable. To the same work order, Mr. A will respond with smiles and Mr.B with sulkiness. Why? You will find this in many occasions.
So it goes that “Human beings therefore cannot be handled by rote.” From cybernetics’ view point, it means that the contents of human black box (in other word “brain”) are very much intricate and that it is not known to us in which computation circuit the input is processed. We can put it like this:
If it can be made clear, the reaction of Mr.A and Mr.B to the same stimulation will possibly be known.
For that purpose, we must try to understand the function of our ‘brain’ as an mechanical one. If we can think of such a mechanical model, it will also be clarified how our action is made upon receiving any stimulation or how to deliberate an answer; namely ‘brain’ is to be considered as a black box.
Human brain is developed in the mother’s womb before its birth. But the way it develops traces the history of the appearance of living being on the earth and its graduate evolution into human being. So, let’s think it over what kind of things happened in the course of the evolution.
The first life on the earth which can be regarded as an animal would be something like crinoids and jellyfish. Prior to them, there had existed lives such as bacteria or virus, but as they do not either react to outer stimulation or search their food by themselves, they can be left undiscussed here.
Now, how is made up the construction of ‘stimulation to action’ — the rationale of animals?
Fig.2 Communication and Control in Living Bodies
((Receptor-effecter
Synapse model))
The construction is shown in Fig.2. R in (A) is for receptor, which is sensory cell, and from which extend nervous fiber, at whose end are connected E — effecter such as muscular cells.
Then, if a physical stimulation is given to receptor(R), R sends out electric signals as shown in Fig.3.
Fig.3 Impulse owing to Physical Stimulation
((Voltage vs, time))
Let’s name the signals ‘impulse’. This impulse varies its figures in accordance with the strength of the stimulation. Stronger the stimulation be, more impulse are sent out; not that the voltage of impulse get higher. It shows that the effect is the same whether the stimulation is a strong one or weak but repeated ones, and is the same either on human beings or a jelly fish. For example, to discipline a puppy, it will take rather long time until he learns it if you take a soft attitude from your pity for him. On the contrary, you can make him learn it quickly with a hard spank. Same with man —— under a snarling senior official, one can learn his job quick.
Here is another point; the receptor R has a specific character of “decreasing the number of impulse when stimulations of same strength are given continuously.” You would have experienced it often when you enter a noisy factory; first you will feel awfully noise, but you will get used to it ‘auditory field (of brain)’ from the auditory organ. However, the numbers of impulse begin to decrease.
With this kind of property in the receptor R, some impulse given to R is conveyed to the effector E through cables of nervous tissues; then E i.e. muscular cell, shrinks. The experiment that the muscle of frogs’ legs get shrunk when charged with a current is supposed to be experienced in your primary school days.
That is the basic system of the point that “physical stimulation on a living body is transformed into its action.”
However that is quite inconvenient. If cells have to twitch at every stimulation, they will get tired. Therefore in fact, they provide a medium cell N between R and E shown in Fig.2(B). N play a role of storing for a while the impulse sent from R and transmitting the impulse to E when the amount of electric charge gets accumulated to certain value. This is a prototype of ‘Neuron.’
In general, neuron is connected with R and E as shown in Fig.2(C). Receptor 1, 2, 3 are connected to neuron through synapse S. Now, the synapse has the character to decrease the electric resistance when impulses pass through repeatedly. when it is left as it is, the electric resistance gradually recovers. Please refer to Fig.4.
Fig.4 Impulse and Resistance
Electric
Resistance: p
Impulse: N lime: t
Such a character given to synapse, the synapse connected with R1 comes to have smaller electric resistance than other synapses when repeated stimulations are given to a specific receptor R1. This means that R1 and E got a special relation. When R1, 2, 3 are given similar stimulation, only R1 gets effected and 2, 3 are, in this case, very dull.
When we start to do some work again and again, we become better at it until we do it almost unconsciously. The reason is here.
When particular sensory and action organs are continuously used, there is produced a path with less electric resistance. This is called “learning effect.”
Let me tell you another basic point, which is “formal Neuron Model” by two physicists of McCuloch and Pitts. It can be illustrated simply as under.
Fig.5 Neuron Model
+1
+ AND B OR NOT
Now, suppose in (C) of Fig.2, synapse S has ‘stimulant property’(-i-) and ‘restrain property’(—), and impulses of both (+) and (—) are sent to neuron cell N.
In the left figure, the capacity of N is 2, where starts output impulse with the entry of two impulses of A and B; hence it is called “AND circuit.”
In the middle figure, as the N capacity is 1, output impulse will instantly appear the moment an impulse is sent from either A or B; hence it is named “OR Circuit.”
In the right figure, as N cappacity is 0, there exist output without input. N continues to produce output impulse without receiving input, but if the synapse is, in this case, restraint property, N becomes —1 by input, and the output stops. This is called “NOT Circit.”
The synapse mentioned above conducts impulses always only in the direction R—’N, which corresponds to ‘diode’ in electricity,
Besides, the signal in question here is ‘impulse’, which can be understood to corresponds to ‘computing element’ in computers.
As the basic circuits of computers are the above—mentioned AND, OR, and NOT, the model of ticCulloch and Pitts proved that “the work of nervous system of living bodies can be replaced by computers.”
We cannot produce living bodies themselves; even an ameba or a single leaf. It is out of question. However it is thought the work of nervous system can be reproduced on machines, that is to say “logically positive”, although it is still not known in reality.
Let me clarify here that nervous systems are unable to be simply explained off. For example, impulse was referred to conduct on nervous tissues “like to conduct on electric cable”, but the mechanism of conduct is quite different. “by synapse” as well leaves the doubt how impulse sends electricity into neuron. I’m afraid that there would be no end if every details are put forward.
However, our present problem is ideas. How to get ideas? To explain this point, we are going to use the theory of cybernetics. Therefore we had better not to complicate the questions unnecessarily.
Let’s return to our theme.
The lower animals such as a crinoids and an actinia have many of the nervous systems as mentioned in Fig.2(C). Figuratively speaking, it is that ‘communication and control’ is done between R and E by way of a telephone N. Thus, to live better, one has to set up as many telephones as possible and to ramify electric cables like a net
In our actual society, telephones would have been increased in such a way, which is clearly a stupid method. As telephone switchboard was later invented, many phone calls can be switched to the proper destinations. In this way ramification of cables are avoided. “Nature” thought of the same method. Thus the collection of neuron is produced, to which many Rs and Es are connected to make a network of nervous fiber among neuron and to let them exchange the signals. That is illustrated in Fig.6.
The stimulation given to receptor R from outside is transformed to impulse and then send to this network(called ganglion). Let’s say: To the contents of this ganglion are sent in the programe ‘impulse from which R has to be sent to which Es.’ Then living beings can act to live without mistakes
Fig.6 Ganglion
R-G-E
Fig.7 Contents of Ganglion
excitement
controlling
The program of G is as drawn in Fig.7. In this figure, it is shown that, when the black spot • is excitability synapse, effectors 2 and 3 are programmed so that they will work upon receiving stimulations on receptor 1. “Nature’s wisdom” can be credited, or “God” might be deserved. It is up to your choice. We do not talk here about why such evolutions appeared. It is beyond our control.
Anyway, molasses like a cuttlefish and an octopus, and crustaceans like a lobster and a crab in this way, came to build an exchange office — ganglion — with which they started to take quite intricate actions.
Though the system is shown very simple in the figure, an octopus is said to have more than 100 million neurons in C. As a human brain is composed with about 14 billion cerebral cells, ours is equivalent of 140 times of an octopus. However you can’t ask 140 octopuses to work as a human being. Human brains with 14 billion cerebral cells perform far more complicated works than those of octopuses. There must be existing some new devices.
Ganglion makes a little changes later, as can be seen in insects: The function is divided into several divisions to become able to work independently. Let’s put it in telephone system: We establish local stations, connect them to each other and leave them to handle small jobs, but agree to exchange the information on important matters.
Fig.8 Job Distribution
Head ganglion
Chest
Abdominal
Fig.8 shows the typical pattern. For instance, in the case of ants, the three ganglions of head, chest, and abdomen perform its own role respectively, as well as are connected by cables. Therefore they do not die instantly if their heads are cut off, unlike the animals with brains such as human beings. For instance the pray mantis keeps moving for three days or so. They can move if their chest ganglion remains. well, God was very pleased with his idea of ganglion that he thought of another improvement: “What about to gather ganglions into one place to make, so to speak, a central synthesizing office?” Once you put programs precise enough in the central office, you can react to any stimulation instantly and without any mistake (in protecting your life).
Thus, “Brain” is formed. Fig.9 is the type drawing. Principles of actions would not be needed anymore.
Fig.9 Appearance of Brain
B: Brain
R in whole body
,, H
Bundle of Nervous fiber
Collection of neurons in one place results in heavy weight. So God designed the “container” and the “prop” to support the brain. Couldn’t it be the skull and spine? Thence, the first vertebrata seemed to have appeared as something like fish in this world. It might have been convenient to stay in water in order to support its heavy brain.
It seems that this brain was successful invention. So God had the idea to bring the fish—like aquatic animal onto the land. For that purpose god provided the leg bone to the spine to make amphibians, and furthermore reptiles specialized to stay on land. But here God had a trouble.
The reptiles, anyway, had the best at that time, and they could get their feed very efficiently, as well as adapt to the environment. They got much food without toil and naturally got fat. Some of them got fatter and fatter, until there appeared some like dinosaurs having the body of longer than 25 meters.
There was supposed to exist no problem from the viewpoint of evolution, but existed miscalculation in nervous systems. So far, I mentioned that the impulse passes in the nervous fibers like “conduction in cables.” However actually the way it passes is completely different from that of electricity in cables. In case of electricity, the velocity of conduct is 300,000 km/sec., but nervous system cannot be so fast. In living bodies, the speed of impulse conduct is couples of ten centimeters at the slowest, and a few hundred meters at the fastest.
Then, a dinosaurs would feel pain 10 seconds after being bitten on its tail, very slow.
Of course it would not be the only reason, but anyway this huge animal disappeared from the earth. Nature’s wisdom experienced one failure here. Until then every couple of 10 million years at the longest intervals used to be produced a new animal in this world. However after the reptiles, it took 200 million years until the new members such as birds and beasts came to exist. Even God needed so much long time to send a new idea to the earth. Don’t you think so?
When we think about the question of creativity, we have to know the function
of brain, which is very complicated. Though much
progress has been made in the cerebrum physiology, nothing is cleared yet. It is becoming a stronger tendency to think that
‘perception’ in inventions and discoveries is not the result of any function of
some particular parts of brain, but from the unknown function of independent
parts but in collaboration as a whole brain.
Now changing the standpoint, we are going to think from cybernetics
point of view how it would be like to regard “brain” as one black box. As it can be proved that “cerebral function is
theoretically able to be replaced by computer”, it is
supposed to be also possible to ‘control’ the brain within that scope, i.e. to
use the brain at one’s will.
“Brain” — living thing — is hard to handle, but what would be the form
if a computer that can work similarly to a human being is
to be considered?
I named such a computer “Human Brain Computer.”
After mothers’ fertilization, we were born as human beings after tracing in her womb all the history of evolution from protozoan to the higher animals. This baby is alive; it means the “brain” in Fig.9 is completed.
“To be alive” means first of all “to act in order to protect one’s life in response to the stimulation given from outside.” As “brain” is talked about, the “outside” means “outside of brain.”
Babies will cry when they become hungry. When sensory organs of stomach send signals to brains, the signals to contract muscles of vocal cords, according to the program in the brains, is dispatched; when the room temperature increases too much, brain will dispatch the signal “sweat!” to perspiration cells. In this way, when milk is given, babies will stop crying; when it becomes cool, they will stop perspiration: The feedback in Fig.1 in the previous chapter is working.
If “to be alive” means only to “take respective action in reaction to the stimulation from outside”, we are the same as the robots that are already in practical use. Robots have computers (equivalent to brains) which read the signal sent from sensor (equivalent to sensory organs) and forward its orders to machines (action organs) according to their programs. If the machine would not move as programmed, the situation is immediately fed back to the sensor, to give orders to do it again or stop.
Therefore in the case of animals, too, the brain that is in charge of “being alive” only can be described like a robot as in Fig. 10.
Fig.10 Robot
Stimulus Black box Response
Feedback
The content of this black box are made by human being. So more precisely the contents are made, more intricate the action of robot can be made. Therefore once “human machine” — possibility of having a robot that act almost same as human being - was argued.
But however precisely we design the black box, we do not consider the robot is “alive.” Why don’t we?
It is possible to make, for example, a robot that acts like an ant. We input the program of “search and eat sugar” into the black box of the robot ant and find the way how to move the hands and legs by charging batteries with the disgested sugar
What would happen if sugar could not be found? Robot ant will soon be finished as the batteries get worn out But a real ant has no problem. He can switch in to other substitution. Depending on situation, he would even eat things that he has never eaten, and as seen in the history of “evolution”, even modify the structure of his digestive organs in order to adjust to the new food.
This ability of “evolution” can be understood as the ability with which animals modify the program of their own black boxes. But robot is not gifted with this capacity. Robot himself can not do anything unless human hands help him.
The reason why animals evolve would be that they always think “what would be the better way?” from their experience, the “think” is however, not the kind of ours that we do with intention. It can be unconscious thought. It should be considered as being due to so—cold “natural quest” which is from beginning put in their black boxes.
It is in “search of food” where the natural quest appears directly in action. To “search” animal has to walk around; not to walk straight from A to B, but need to ‘take a stroll.’ Actually animals are doing so.
Human children are not exception. On their way home from school they would drop in here and there. Mothers would complain to them, “Why don’t you come home straight?” That is just due to the natural quest. Children themselves do not know ‘why’ they do drop in, but they have to because it is the proof that they are ‘living’.
In research work too, this kind of “stroll” is important. When you are pursuing a given theme, you start to feel like to make a side trip in your research. If it should be prohibited, it often happens that some important findings are missed, or that the researcher gets emotional instability.
Then, the “natural quest” programmed in the black box automatically modify the program by “better method (to live)” obtained in ones experience. It can modify but not drastically change the program.
As one’s program is set by the “hereditary information” succeeded from one’s parents, “minor modification” can be done but not total change. However hard a dog imitate a horse, he cannot be a horse.
But it is not absolutely impossible. In fact, when we trace back on the fossils, the ancestors of horses, elephants and giraffes, etc. seem to have been animals ‘like dogs,’ which become horses, elephants and giraffes etc. respectively with some reason. Then if only given quite long time through generations, dogs might possibly become horses..
When insecticides such as DDT and BHC were imported from the United States, they were amusingly effective to cockroach, but these days the efficiency went down to the bottom; so called “resistance.”
Perhaps the cockroach of the first generation thought “what a chemical!” and tried to get some defense measure. But he must have been unable to modify enough to cope with it. Gradual modifications have been accumulated in each generation and now we know their clear result.
Taking the construction of evolution in that way, we can understand why animals have to alternate generations. There must rise the heterosexual ‘love’ “to make their descendants,” and the love to raise children, which we shall name “natural love.
Not only in the vase of human being, birds and beasts are also very cute when they are still toddlers. Though it is not clear what makes them different from grown—ups, they give us ‘cute’ sentiment. This seems to be specially common in the society of higher animals. For instance it is said when a grown-up dog is put into a group of grown—up dogs, the newcomer is attacked by the group and thrown out, but if the new fact is a puppy, it always happens that one of the group members (normally a female dog) takes the role of “a guarantee’ and protects the puppy. I also hear there are many examples that a female cat takes care of a puppy or vise versa,
It is possible to let a mother robot feed (charge) her child robot when she receives a signals from the child of its shortage of power. However you will understand these two cases are quite different: It is not possible to input to a robot natural love.
In short, robot cannot evolve. Evolution is the expression of ‘wisdom’ naturally owned by living beings. Science won’t be able to make it clear who put such program in the ‘lives.’
It is all right to think it as God’s job, or to assume from a hypothesis by physical models, but it is understood to be unable to substantiate. Hence we have to include in the black box of ‘life’ “unknown program - X”. The “X” is a basic program for a living being to be a living body, that is, an essential quality of necessary “wisdom” for a living being to remain alive.
Why ‘I’ am here and giving though to trivial matters? There were parents, without whom I would not have existed. Before that parents • • • • ; the destination of this tracing will lead back to the protozoa and even to how the earth was born. If there were not the earth, I were not here.
There is established a sequence of cause and effect (causality) in happenings as referred to above. Owing to that, science is established and things of the past can be guessed. So, the birth of the earth has its cause: The earth was separated from the sun: The sun is one of the permanent stars of the cosmos. Then, how are the permanent stars of the cosmos made?
At present, according to astronomical observations, our cosmos keep expanding. All the stars are getting more and more distant. That is “fact”. Another fact: lit is also known by spectrum analysis on the component of those stars that among them do not exist any component the earth has not.
Thus, even in a very simple imagination, it can be thought that the numerous stars of the cosmos were dispersed “simultaneously” due to some big explosion in one point like a fireworks in far, far away past.
But, as the research advances further, in the field of modern physics, specially elementary particle theory, that imagination is getting ‘likely to be sure.’
The big explosion is called ‘Big Bang’. According to a hypothesis, about 18 billion years ago, in a certain point in cosmos, a Big Bang happened with some reason: as a result of that, the present stars are born and the present order of cosmos (the law of cosmos race) was established.
I am not going state how this hypothesis came to be recognized. Anyway it is fact that ‘nothing can be said by any scientific method, about what had happened before that Big Bang. By the way it seems that “Neo Christianism” gives the definition of new “God” here.
You might have noticed this: I stated that with Big Bang stars were scattered over the cosmos, but in reality without stars there cannot exist any cosmos — theoretically ‘existence’ is “space”. The space itself appeared at the moment of the Big Bang. Therefore the word ‘certain point’ was used in above and that point can be named ‘singular point’ that we cannot see either be aware of.
The reason why I said “singular” is as follows: It must be considered that stars at that moment did not exist as substance but as chaotic gatherings of high temperature elementary particles. Elementary particles are ultimate constructive element of substance, having the property of “being substance and at the same time being energy.” Therefore substance cannot be regarded to gather at “a certain point” unless being reduced to this form.
Suppose something like ‘explosion’ happened here and the gathering of elementary particles scattered to all directions, naturally the drastic difference of temperatures is produced, wherein ‘thermo motor’ for cosmos race starts to move. That is, organization is produced out of chaos
Before firing a cannon, we measure, against a target, the angle to elevation and to deflection and then pull the trigger. Those conditions can be changed up to one’s satisfaction only until you pull the trigger, but not after that. It is absolutely impossible. It might be possible to say “Danger! Get away!” or to slide the trajectory a little by raising a strong wind. But nothing can be done to the “general situation” of a bullet heading toward the target.
Those conditions are called “initial conditions.” The same thing can be said about the Big Bang. At the moment of the big explosion, the initial conditions on “how cosmos should be raced thereafter”, namely the program of cosmos race were fixed in detail. Let it tentatively be called “cosmos program.”
The immovable law of causality was certainly fixed at that moment. We take that law as a matter of course. However it is also no wander if there were another cosmos produced by another big bang and the law were not realized there.
Under the law of causation, the initial temperature fell drastically. “Fall” means “temperature flows from higher one to lower one, not reverse. So it is called “the second law of thermodynamics.”
The law can be in fact applied to ‘information.’ “Information flows from higher volume to lower volume.” Information has high value when not known to anybody, but decreases the value when known to everybody. It is also natural.
Well, in the previous paragraph, I mentioned about firing a cannon. At the moment of firing, ‘information’ is needed to set initial conditions. If the wind is blowing, the trajectory will be swerved. So the velocity and direction of the wind have to be counted, or the temperature and humidity will also affect. Thus more the information are gathered, the better the hit rate of a cannon becomes.
As the volume of information get increased , you are able to “control” then at you will, Therefore business enterprises desperately try to gather as much information as possible.
That may be also natural and not necessary to be mentioned anew. The chaosly incoming research data (not yet called information) are processed in the office for their use as ‘information.’
In other words, disorder and confusion (chaos) means small volume of information, and “in order” big volume of information.
Then, the fact that the second law of thermodynamics is established in our world means synonymously that it is the general tendency of “order to head for disorder.” How hard you clean your room, it will soon be in disorder, or you cannot stop documents to disperse.
In the light of the law, it seems that living things are against it: When a life is born, it is still small and cannot do anything, but growing up gradually it begins to take clear actions, which is the growth to orderly thing from near— disordery. On the other hand, living things have to feed themselves to grow up for that they disturb the surrounding order — from the environmental viewpoint, the order is none the less destroyed. Living things themselves gradually lose their vigor after fulfilling their roles to leave their off springs and finally return to ashes.
No one — a human being or a company — cannot go against the universal rule. Maybe a bit old fashioned phrase. - “Success of one commander costs thousands lives of soldiers”. - When someone get success, others are scarified. Companies expand and pollution follows.
A little deviation, wasn’t it? Anyway I just wanted to explain that HBC ‘living computer’ has to be put—in “cosmos program.” Owing to the “X” the initial condition programmed at the moment of Big Bang, living bring can evolve, get wisdom./ Without X, they can not be living.
Just before Big Bang, there were only gathering of elementary particles of high temperature and high energy, that is chaos — zero information. Due to the big explosion, it became infinite information, to produce ‘cosmos program.’
The ‘chaos’ is ‘darkness in mind’ in Zen, from which is regarded to have produced “wisdom” by an action (big explosion) — “asceticism”. They teach anybody has the wisdom and need only to realize the fact. — It happens to be same as Big Bang hypotheses.
Computer for “to be living” including “X” is explained in Fig.11. Feedback is omitted. It is expressed as (life) in HBC. Functionally, as it is Transducer to convert Stimulus to Response, it must be better understood in the form (S—R).
Fig.11 Black box “life”; as the basic element of HBC
Stimulus ——-- (Life) or (S—R) ——--Response
Living things such as turtles and fish keep living only with (life). When they are hatched from eggs, their parents are gone. Off springs grow only by the program put in their own lives.
When it comes to birds and beasts, in addition to the program, ‘memory’ brain comes to exist. I will leave it here untalked about which parts of the brain are in charge of the memory in actual animals. Anyway it is fact that somewhere appears the seat for memory. It is convenient to divide the function into several sections. The first is ‘inprint’ memory.
Imprint means that after the birth animals learn by their own bodies the necessary rules to live in their societies.
This was first found by K. Lowrentz about birds. It is said right after opening their eyes, chickens gaze at a bigger than themselves and moving thing which happens to stay next to them. Chicks take the gazed at thing as their parent. Normally parents birds are by them and become their parents, but if only human being happens to be there, chicks take the human being as their parents and follow after the human parents until they grow up.
While chicks follow after their parents, they learn “what to do to go on living.” Chicks cannot remember this later when they have grown up, neither can modify them. It is like being printed on a sheet of white paper, thus called ‘imprint.’
Evolutionarily speaking, the things observed in the birds would be applied to human beings as well. However from western thought, such a viewpoint harms the human dignity, and it is called ‘infant experience.’ I dare to say ‘imprint’, though. In case of human being it is said the ‘imprint’ is done during the period from right after the birth until three year old. During this period, infants get imprinted by theirs ‘stimulation’ from the atmosphere, the basic form of ‘way to live,’ as “they are supposed to do this when they become bigger.” The person who gives the strongest influence is unmistakably the mother that holds the infant in her arms.
For clarification’s sake, ‘imprint’ and ‘physical learning’ by life are different thing. They are same thing as to ‘memory’, but when we say ‘physical learning,’ synapse resistance is reduced when a certain thing is executed repeatedly to produce the phenomena of ‘getting accustomed,’ and in this case the age has nothing to do with.
On the other hand, ‘imprint’ almost do not require the repetition depends on the cases and is characterized in the point that this phenomena would not occur when one gets old.
When the nerve system is thought as shown in Fig.12<a>, receptor R is repeatedly given stimulus to let effector E work, then synapse S1, S2, ….in the route R1—E1 start to decrease electrical resistance, and finally even if the same stimulus are given to R1, R2… , R1—-E1 start to function automatically. That is called “physical learning.”
Fig. 12 Physical learning <a> and Imprint <b>
On the other hand, in case output is not connected to E, the impulse sent from many receptors start to circulate, as shown in the same Fig.<b>, on the loop of closed circuit S1, S2, S3…Then this loop decreases its electric resistance, and even if the loop is broken by other impulses, the vestiges remain thereafter, that is considered as memory. If such nerve system level (cerebral cortex) is fit completely to (life)(same Fig.<a>), it means that the conventional (life) program should be modified in its action by this loop. Take an instance in highway; route 1 is normal road but you can as well take a by—pass.
Chicks of birds imprint their ‘parents’ by watching them, wherein receptors R1, R2, …in this figure would correspond to the concentration of big volume of visual cell. That loop could be also very complexed one, but once the loop is established, seeing the form again, the loop works as a by pass (controlling the action by the original (life)) and would ‘follow after’ the form.
Thus, to our HBC is added a computer of (imprint) being fit to the (life) computer. Comparing to birds’ imprint, this means that (without thinking) we take action by image; it is described (I—R) (Image—Response) as in Fig.13.
Fig.13
(Imprint) or (I—R)
(Life) or (S—R)
Stimulus —--(Life)—— Response
Being different from other animals, human beings are born as ‘premature.’ In other words, other animals start to search their food right after their birth, and can distinguish which food can be edible or not. However, human babies will die unless someone feeds them up to about three years old. That is, they imprint “edible” or “not edible” by the smell and taste of the food that mothers give them.
As these tastes are memorized by (imprint), even after being grown up, they cannot get away from the “mothers’ taste”. Imprint is surely ‘memory’ but with consciousness, which might as well be called ‘sub consciousness.’
It is ‘like’ or ‘dislike’ the smell or taste to judge automatically if he may eat or not. Therefore not only about food, each person’s (imprint) fixes his subconscious ‘like’ and ‘dislike’. So his ‘nature’ or ‘character’ namely depends on his (imprint).
Late Prof. Toshihiko Tokizane, cerebral physiologist, said: If you want to make your child a painter, the best way is to have him taken care of by a painter’s family and a scholar by a scholar’s family. Proverb says better breeding than birth or the child is father to a man.
Imprint is memory, and God had arranged the memory device of (imprint) in the way by fitting it to (life) how the things taught by parents (as sub consciousness) can be put into action semi—automatically. As the ‘memory mechanism’ was found to be very effective for protection of animal’s (life), God thought it would be better to keep in memory the things experienced by themselves in the past.
The method of memorizing has been already experimented in (imprint). But now, past memories shall not be converted into ‘direct actions.’ It’ll be like a sleep—walker if bodies should get moving semi-automatically upon remembering something. It’ll be better to have such a function that can judge whether to get moving or not by comparing with other conditions. How about to call such a way of remembering ‘consciousness’?
No words are needed in this memory; same as birds’ or animals’ memory. If not words, it is ‘image.’ To record images, a huge number of nerve fibers are needed in Fig.12 model. From this reason God provided on (imprint) another cerebrum cortex, which is also anatomically called ‘neo cortex’ of brain.
To our HBC, ‘image storage’ that is a library of images is added, which is shown in Fig.14 Whatever heard, seen or felt by five senses are sent into (image storage): It is reported as (I. S). It is shown without an arrow mark, because the memory device is only to ‘accumulate,’ not the ‘converter.’
Fig.14 (Image Storage) or (I. S)
I (Image Storage) or (I . S)
In reality, cerebral cortex of animals have not appeared in clear stages as (life), (inprint) and (image storage), some but neo cortex are seen also in fish or frogs. The nature might have been testing the function of such cortex gradually.
As each epoch of living beings has had its own heroes, a part of cerebral cortex seems to have developed suddenly from a certain period, the ‘certain period’ is when birds and beasts appeared.
Anyway, by (image storage), animals become able to store their huge quantity of ‘past experiences’ as “image” and to recall the memory automatically when they come across to a new environment. ‘Automatically’ means that image can be recalled automatically by (life) and not that action of (life) are taken by image.
Another point. I said it is difficult to explain (image storage) — memory device — as digital type in a model in Fig.12. As can be seen in present computers, diagram cognition is the weakest method for digital.
A human baby of one year and half recognizes his own mother right away, among tens of them. Our volume of image storage is so large that digital type possibly cannot contain such volume of memory, even from the viewpoint of brain cells. Thence, Dr. Pribram a cerebrum physiologist, produced a thought of “hologram theory.”
As impulse passing through synapse has quite narrow range of its phenomenon, it is supposed to be possible that impulse is handled from quantum mechanics point of view. Then, this can be regarded as ‘wave motion’ and it is though that reflections can be understood similarly to “holograph” in photograph.
Let me skip the explanation about holograph here. I believe many people have ever seen an experiment to produce three— dimensionally a reflection in the air by laser rays. But honnwstly, the contents of (image storage) is not yet clear to us. We can just put them uncleared into black box.
Up to here, we will call ‘animal system.’ The function is summarized as follows:
1) Stimulated by the signals from inner and outer receptors of the body, (life) sends out to effectors necessary signals to better preserve the ‘life.’: It is called the brain related to be ‘living.’
2) (inprint) remembers after birth, as sub counscious—like--or— dislike, the rule “to go on living” in the society.
Though it is not prohibited, in natural world, to steal things from others, it is regarded as bad in our society. By three years old, this moral is to be taught into one’s mind, then even after grown up, one gets his hands tremble or heart thump upon trying to steal. However hard you persuade yourself saying “There is no reason to tremble,” it does not work. As the action is recorded in sub consciousness as ‘dislike,’ the image is put into action.
3) (life) records in (image storage) as ‘image’ the signals accepted in the sensorium of whole body. When stimulated, (life) can take out necessary memory from the records automatically. But this image is only put in conscious but not always put into action.
In this way, the animal function of brain is automatic and not by ‘will’ — this to be named ‘intuition’ as not related to words.
As is said, higher animal like monkeys can make simple communication with human beings by figures or pictographs. It would be a short time before it develops into ‘words.’
For instance, a dog howls in response to the siren of fire engines. It might be regarded as dog’s words but still would be image in (image storage).
I think it is only the combination of image of “sound of siren” and image of “emergency” on the (image storage). In case of human children, in the beginning they say ‘mamma’(food) or ‘bubu’(car) pointing to food or cars but still not enough to regard them as words, but it seems (image storage) satisfy them.
However, the expressive power of words naturally cannot be used fully. Dogs may have vaguely the image of danger from the sound of siren and infants may not distinguish by saying ‘mamma’s bread and cookies.
If such distinction should be made, it is feared that the surface of (image storage) would be covered with chaos of nerve wirings.
Therefore it is thought another cortex ‘words storage’ came to be necessary as multi—evolution, which is explained in fig.15
Fig.15 Relation of Word and Image
Fig.A shows (image storage) and B right shows (image storage) and left (words storage). In human brain, cerebral right hemisphere has image priority and left hemisphere word
priority, which are written as “right brain” and “left brain.” Thus, isn’t it that acquisition of (word storage) by human beings means the acquisition of abstraction ability with words? There are many red things, but by registering the word ‘red’ independently, the word can be used for ‘red tomato’ as well as to ‘red roof’.
In his excellent book “Japanese Brain (by Taishukan), Mr. Tadanobu Tsunoda published his study results “Japanese process the natural sound in left brain”, which came to be misunderstood as “Japanese leave the right brain unused.” Then “Use—the—right—brain” opinion prevailed. From my point of view, nature would not such a waste and it should be understood that as the right brain became short of room, the excess words were sent into left brain.
Then, many nerve fibers would naturally be required between (image storage) and (words storage) to connect image and word. So the two are connected in HBC with a bunch of cables, which can be thought as the bunch of apprx.200 million nerve fibers called corpus callosum that connect the right and left hemisphere in actual brain. So far, please refer Fig.16
Fig. 16 (Word Storage) or (W. S)
Here let me name as ‘parole’ such words in (word storage) and directly connected to images as ‘mountain’, ’flower’ or ‘eat’, ‘run’.
Children convey their images to others by parole and can take out their past experiences from (image storage) by the parole spoken by others, which gives the start of communication by words — specific to human beings.
Perhaps the ancient men had words of only that level. But the words were convenient as well as harmful effects — they learned to worry with words.
Birds and beasts look for food when they become hungry. Unless they see or smell food, they do not remember their food image. Without stimulation (image storage) would not work. Therefore if they cannot find food, it is over. They do not worry to find and eat beefsteak.
On the other hand, human children take out the image of teatime snack with the word ‘snack’ and ask their mother saying “I want something to eat.” If their request happen to be unsatisfied, (life) gets unhappy feeling.
((As much as we are influenced by external
stimuli or internally triggered stimuli, we need to process these stimuli
intelligently. Here, if we expand the
example of “snack” to “delusion” - in general,
we can see that the state of delusion need to be realized and processed
by quiet observation for such unhealthy state of mind to not to harm us. At the same time, (life) helps us to have
sanity, corresponding to Dogen’s word, “to realize
delusion is enlightenment.” Again, as our brain being
more complex than that of animal’s, such additional processes are required.))
((As much as more advanced computer requires on-going monitor and careful maintenance such as occasional scan disk, more advanced tasks we do and/or more complex life we live, we need to develop a better skill to process diverse information real time. Meditation (i.e., thinking of no-thinking and trying of no-trying) offers a way to acquire and practice such a skill. (Again, according to Dogen, training and practice are one. - Kio)))
By the snack image, (life) already gives the order of action as ‘salivate’ or ‘stomach action’. The order is supposed to be given when the snack is actually given. But with only image, (life) will be in the situation against keeping better the life, i.e., ‘uncomfortable.’
‘Uncomfortable’ is unnatural. Children will feel unsatisfied. That is ‘to have worry.’ Birds and beasts also must have fear, when they feel unable to defend themselves against the stimulation (for instance, being in high place or facing a huge enemy, etc.).
It is the same with human children, but in that case is added the fear by words. When they are up in a high place, they get their feet cramped. It would be because they image the after falling down situation in words. This also give damage to their lives. Namely as the natural coping with the stimulation becomes impossible, it is doubtlessly cause illness, if such a situation will continue.
(image storage) and (word storage) are said to be completed by 9 years old in case of human children. The observation on children will show that the (image storage) develops first and (word storage) follows.
By having parole, human children grows to know the sequence of cause and effect of things. If you open your fingers, the thing kept in your hand will drop. Such a thing is known even to a monkey, you would say. However, a monkey will not have the idea that releasing its fingers is the first thing and the dropping comes after.
The image of ‘opening fingers’ is fixed by words first, and the image of ‘dropped’ also fixed. Then the two images are compared by the words, so there is born the conception of ‘time’. In ‘time’ itself there is no image.
It is said that children actually come to have the real conception of time at about 9 years old. Until that age, they express in words like ‘tomorrow’ or ‘yesterday’ but they are said to have no clear understanding about the continuity of hours.
It can be well said that understanding of passing of time means the establishment of ‘logic.’ It is the expression of “as A is B, so C is D. “This is namely though that things are calculated by words.
Calculation is done by using words, in which an abstract concept of time (order) comes in. So into the words are included ‘Meta—langue’ together with parole, i.e. the abstract words that are not directly connected with images such as ‘concept’ or ‘sentiment’, etc. If you are asked by a child what a concept is, you cannot show it tangibly.
‘For instance, there are many kind of dogs, right? But a dog is a dog, isn’t it? A dog is the animal which, waggling his tail, says ‘bow—wow!’ That is a concept of a dog, you know.” Like that, you have to explain to a child in the form of a sequence of cause and effect by using parole.
Abstract words are required for logical thinking. Therefore the purest form of abstract words (meta—langue) is “(algebraic) formula.”
What makes a man is to have the ‘brain of logical thinking.’ It is to think this and that ‘referring’ to parole. So in HBC it is added as (calculation) or (Word Retrieval), as shown in Fig. 17
To the former ‘animal system’, this (calculation}+(word storage) is termed as ‘linguistic system.’
Fig.17 Whole System of HBC
Information —à(Calculation) or (W. R)}—-> Planning
^ v
(Word Storage) or (W. S)
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
(Image Storage) or (I . S)
^ v
(Imprint) or (I—R)
Stimulus —-à X (life) or (S—R) --------àResponse
((If we stretch our imagination, it may be that Buddha’s teaching
about “going to the other shore” indicates: 1) to realize that there is a gap
between conscious and unconscious and 2) unless we can find the way to unify/resolve
the two seemingly different sets of world we live in the world of samsara- suffering.
To experience (life), X, directly and to fully become
aware of this Law may be called enlightenment.
To live according to the best use of this system according to the
nature’s way may be called as Bodhisattva’s life. ))
((While I mentioned “Use the brain, Listen
to the Heart, and Live with the Mission.” in my book, “Results from the Heart,”
I now find that the HBC model also points out the intention/meaning of that
message. Although Mr. Nakayama had
already passed away in the year 2000, I believe he
would approve the intention of my comments.
Granted that there is nothing to be talked
about on these points, on the other hand, there is a lot to be talked about and
bring the meaning in this world.
Whatever the reason we end up in living in this situation as human, we
are meant to live such a paradox and to express the meaning as we live. - Kio))
* (Life) or (S—R): Stimulus—Response
Black box that is to control only to be ‘living’ — same as the computers set in robots, but ‘super’ precise. It corresponds to the function of ‘brain—stem and spinal—cord’ in human brain, and is already functioning perfectly at the time of birth.
* ‘X’:
‘To be alive’ is not the same as in the case of robot. Living things have their ‘wisdom’ to ‘evolve’ by their own ability. This has to be considered to have been put from the beginning in the ‘life’ as ‘cosmos program.’ So it is mentioned as ‘X’.
* (Imprint) or (I—R): Image—Response
The black box in which is stored the rules that one has to know to live after birth. This, I would say, determines the policy of HBC planning. In human beings, it is to determine ‘like and dislike’ subconsciously. To be completed by 3 years old.
* (Image Storage) or (I . S): Image . Storage
This is an ‘image circuit’ that keeps the past experiences as ‘image.’ The right hemisphere of cerebrum is said to be in this charge.
* (Word Storage) or (W.S): Word. Storage
The left hemisphere of cerebrum is mainly in this charge. (I . S} and (W. S) are said to be completed by 9 years old in human case.
* (Calculation) or (W.R): Word Retrieval
This exercise ‘logical thinking’ namely calculation circuit. It executes rational activity of receiving information, then thinking this and that by remembering the experiences kept in (Image Storage) by use of words from (Words Strage), and after that, planning. That is presumed to correspond to the function of the ‘frontal association area’ in human brain and to complete at the age of 18—20 years.
The animals of the world would think how this world would be comfortable
to live in if there had not been human beings, wouldn’t they?
Nature had been evolving keeping ‘harmony’, but sine human beings appeared,
the harmony has gradually been destroyed. However it
does not seem to mean human beings who destroy the harmony is the most profited. - Human beings are devoting themselves to killing each
other. Human beings consider themselves as the
cleverest, but aren’t they actually the silliest
animal?
Though there are lots of problem to be solved and still none of them is
solved, which causes ‘trouble’. Irritation causes fighting. Having ability to solve problems, troubles and fighting
will disappear, i.e. in short human beings are stupid. Hence,
Buddha teaches “darkness in mind is the cause of all
sins”, and Jesus “Ignorance is vice.”
There are ‘methods’ to solve problems. As the
methods are not taught well in school, one cannot make use fully his own ability
that has quite high capacity by birth - that would be the truth. One’s brain is completed, good or bad, by around 20 years
old. Each one has his own computer, which he cannot
change with another better one just before going out into jobs, even if it is not
enough. Then he has to know well the capacity of his
computer (i.e. hardware) and to think of the proper ‘usage’ (i.e. software).
But brain is not well known of its function scientifically. So I tried to put it in the system of a computer, by using
a model called HBC. Hereunder is ‘software’ for using
HBC.
I would not consider it as problems if the given problem can be solved only with knowledge as in the case of school tests, because for such problems or questions you can ask the way to solve to school seniors or to check some reference books and computers. Anyway you yourself do not need to have difficulties. The problems here are the ones that you cannot solve in such means.
Inventions and discoveries in specialized fields are such problems. To make and distinguish a totally new thing, there cannot exist anybody who can teach. Troubles in human relations are the same. Even having many advices, the people in the problem have their own reasoning, and nothing will be solved. These are the ‘problems.’
In HBC, the problems which can be solved only with knowledge’ are such ones that (calculation) takes in necessary information and put in and out the knowledge of (words storage), which will be logically put together into a ‘plan’ for action. In other words, in this kind of ‘problems’, only ‘linguistic system’ of HBC is needed. Therefore such work as making statistic tables from research data will naturally be substituted by a computer in due course.
Of course, as (words storage) and (image storage) are connected, (a computer would not do so, though) ‘linguistic system’ do not work alone in HBC, but always images going together with words emerge.
As to the before mentioned ‘research data processing’, the data are, in computers, mechanically calculated and classified according to the program input by human beings. On the other hand, if the work is done by human being, here comes in (image storage).
At a city office, where you register your citizenship, with all the satisfying conditions of people set in the computers, the machine will do the registration without mistakes. However, there are so many kinds of people in this world and would be someone unable to be classified to any conditions.
In such a case, computers would say definitely “No.” — Some living officers would, too, though. It is easy to say, “Rule is like this.” But it is inhuman, isn’t it? HBC will, in such a situation, listen to the person’s say. It is because relevant ‘images’ can be taken out from the information i.e. words received from the person. There are many images, which, being understood, give the ‘wisdom’ to tell “If so, we can manage it by rewriting the paper like this…..+
Even such small ‘wisdom’ can be produced owing to the participation of (image storage). With ‘knowledge’ alone, one may pass the examination in school, but cannot always solve problems in society.
“Deduction—Induction” is considered to be a method of solving problems. Deductive method is to understand problems by existing laws, and inductive method to find some rules among many available data. Without these two methods, science would not have developed. Now, computers understand the deductive method. ‘Inductive method’ is a little more complicated and will be discussed in a future occasion, but anyway to some extent, can be done in a computer, too.
Repetition of these two methods is called ‘to analyze.’
As in above, when it becomes impossible to solve any problems only by logical and analytical thinking, it is already the state of ‘no other way to solve.’ — No idea to think it over, but if you give up there, no hope! As the ‘problem’ was not solved, it will remain as ‘anguish’. Unable to solve it, namely the desire to solve it was not satisfied — this uncomfortable image sends uncomfortable signal to (life).
Such people who make discovery and inventions (in general people who give ideas) continue thinking even after being exhausted of their ideas. Why don’t they give up their thinking? Just because they ‘don’t want to give up.’ In other words, they are fond of thinking some problems.
This is the function of (imprint). ‘Being fond of’ is either with or without conscious. With subconscious ‘like’, one is far from giving up thinking even if he came on deadlock. He will think even if he is told not to.
But the ‘thinking’ in this situation is mainly (calculation) and different from consciously thinking. Having no item to think about, (calculation) tries to search some knowledge in (words storage), but everything has been already referred to.
Therefore any thinking is not more than a repetition of previous thinking.
Then what are you going to do in such a situation? A pliable person perhaps will try to move his body; standing up from his chair and walking around in the room, going out for a walk, playing tennis — in a serious case, setting out for a trip.
What does it mean? It means when the calculation capacity comes to its limit, (life) starts to function automatically. When a problem cannot be solved, uncomfortable image turns up and (life) is hurt, so (life) cannot leave the problem to be solved only to (calculation).
But as (life) is unable to control (words storage), it cannot deduct knowledge from the storage. It is only possible for (life) to find some clue to solve the problem from among ‘the past huge volume of experiences.’
The past experiences are in (image storage), but the generative power to set them in motion is the stimulus given to (life). To move a body is obviously to demand this stimulus. Starting from the Archimedes who found the Archimedean principle seeing the hot water overflowing from the brim of his bathtub, there are too many to enumerate the cases where problems were solved because of some stimulus to their bodies.
In the Creative Psychology, ‘standstill of contemplation’ before (life) starts its function is called ‘Incubation.’ At a pinch, the function of (life) becomes more conspicuous. Mr. Soichiro Honda, the founder of Honda Motors, said that idea are the wisdom at pinches. It is quite true and could be understood only by the experienced.
“Still continue to think even after being finished with ideas” is because of ‘liking to think’ but also because of a sort of feeling of crisis. A scholar tends to get pressure to be in time for a next academic society’s meeting, to get some ideas to keep his face as having declared in advance, etc. In case of business executives, the situation would be more tight.
In such a situation ideas come out to a wonder, during the last war, it happened to me often that, in a technical problems to be completed in a short period, I had suffered up to the last moment of the deadline and suddenly got an idea in the last moment. I also experienced to catch a luck with that idea in a dream. Therefore, I thought that there must be many people having the same experiences, but unexpectedly not so many turned out to agree with me.
By HBC, It is natural to get an idea at a pinch, which is directly connected with (life) and so much is urgent. (Calculation) will mobilize all the available knowledge (at a pinch no one can stay without thinking) and (life) will search the past experiences in (image storage).
((This may correspond to the practice of Vipassana
meditation when scanning the body brings the healing effect (homeostasis), and
may result in “enlightenment.” Tendai’s Shikan (Chih Quan: Stop and See: detach
yourself, and find out what is going on) seems to come from the same origin.))
As (life) keeps on working even while (calculation) is sleeping, we happened to find a hint that appears as ‘image’ in our dream. We can often find such episodes in invention/ discovery stories. For instance, Kecure was taking a nap in a horse cart, when he discovered the formula of benzene in his dream of a snake biting his own tail. While dozing in his bed, Dr. Yukawa is said to have got a hint of meson in his dream of children playing dodge—ball.
Some people would regard them as only legends (scholars tend to say so), but from my own experience, I believe it rather a matter of course to get a hint in a dream.
From HBC viewpoint, as stated above, logical thinking by mobilizing (calculation) naturally put (life) into action, which is felt as ‘intuition’ as it is the function of animal system of the brain. That is, at the extremity of logic appears intuition this point has to be given a due consideration.
“How to make yourself more clearheaded” is circulated in the streets, which I don’t think is harmful, but from HBC point of view, “I’ll do so” because being told ‘better to do so’ is the function of (calculation). Therefore even having done so is far from being able to train the function of (life).
It is often said “Use the right hemisphere of the brain”. To be concrete, listening to western music or using left hand is said to be advisable. It is fact that western music let brain’s right hemisphere work, and is true that the right hemisphere manage the movement of left part of our body. However it only means “to use the right hemisphere” and is not known whether it becomes to be used to search for an ‘useful information for the present problem.’
Following ‘the right hemisphere’ theory, there is the admiration for ‘alpha wave’. It points out that a brain wave in alpha type means the left hemisphere is in rest, so that ideas are easily produced. When you continue to think something argumentatively, you will naturally get your brain tired and sleepy. When you are sleepy, your brain wave become alpha type. Any exercise to make the brain wave into alpha type might let brain rest but not likely to relate to ‘better brain.’
Though there seems to be many more ‘methods’, I just want to say that it does not give any effect to do such kind of things to solve ‘problem’. When Dr.Shinichiro Tomonaga was awarded Nobel Prize, a journalist asked him “In which occasion do you get an idea?” He reportedly said, “Often when I am listening to Rakugo (comic story telling) in a vaudeville (hail), I think.” I don’t think anybody hearing his remark would seriously think of going to commute vaudevilles.
‘Right hemisphere theory’ or ‘alpha wave theory’ has its own effect. For instance, I agree that overstressed persons listen to the music or do alpha—wave exercise. Zazen would be also effective. But they are only basic training to ‘change the way of thinking,’ and not the immediately effective medicine to solve the facing problems.
Then, when we speak about the good brain or not, you will find the difference between the case of a scholar’s discovery and someone’s promptness in dispatching problems in daily life.
Even among great scholars, there are unexpectedly many people with a presence of a great fool who are said to be ‘out of common sense.’
From HBC, the person who solves problems ‘analytically’ should be dull in intuition and on the contrary intuitive type person should be weak in thinking analytically. (Calculation) priority can scan (image storage) only by using parole, but (life) priority can directly look for (image storage).
((Imagination is power: - Einstein))
As it corresponds to animal system of the brain, ‘right hemisphere’ thinking, alpha wave training and physical training such as Zen or Yogi are best ideal to train intuitive ability, which is related to animal system of the brain so that it is to be practiced over a long lapse of time, without theory.
Which kind of training method to select is to be decided by ‘like’
or ‘dislike’. HBC’s (imprint)
shall not be forgotten. Otherwise it is too clear that
anything will last not more than three days.
((LOL, we may need to ponder about this point…By definition, X and
imprint always prevail. Although imprint
may be influenced by the situations one encounter
along the way as represented by the development of DNA over generations. We are at the cutting edge of
evolution/creation from moment to moment.
This is to say all beings have Buddha nature. This is nature’s way. If so, then what??? Live happily as the heart desires while using
brain as best we can - through “training” (catch-22: trainer becomes trainee)
and practice of awareness and equanimity.))
Only if you are on ‘like’ of (imprint), before long you will feel the effect of the training, i.e. have better intuition.
What should be well considered is ‘intuitive power’ is the function of animal system. When we judge something and not able to do by reasoning, we say that we decide it by instinct, but it cannot be by genuine instinct, for animals do not think in such a way. Meeting with other animal in the middle of the field, they at the same moment decide if they had better run away or wag their tails and are already in action.
In case of animals, their past experiences in (image storage) are put into action automatically. The action that was successfully taken in the past similar experience is brought out, thus animals didn’t do any action by thinking which, however, only resulted well.
((The is the state of mastery. Unconscious playing at the
exact moment without interruption.
When the “training” is well established, this becomes an art as in
Picasso, Joshu, Buddha., et. al. It appears that there is no effort involved yet
all the potential is expressed (Zen-kigen: Dogen). Yet, in such a moment, the master does do not
know that he is the master. (Those who are enlightened
do not know they are enlightened – Dogen.))
So is the case of human being too “what he did and resulted well” is the genuine intuition, that is, it was ‘lucky’ or ‘fortunate.’
The point is as I mentioned before, that intuitive power training will soon give result, and to be realized in the form of ‘luck’.
After experiencing such happenings, it will well be understood that ‘luck’ might be one’s own responsibility as well as half by chance. ((Applied in the enlightenment experience.))
Mr. Konosuke Matsushita would not talk about his future business. Instead of saying “Next year should be like this, so do like that,” he says “Anyway, do like that this year,” and later all turned out very appropriate. He has true intuition.
I also heard that Mr. Matsushita, on employing staff, puts more importance on the luck of the applicants than their educational background and experiences. Lucky person is accompanied by luck through his life, which is proved statistically.
HBC explains that animal system function should be original, and there is no false data in (image storage). The data sent from (life) is the true data which ‘was seen with own eyes and felt with own hands.’ The data being true, the judgment by intuition cannot be mistaken.
However, into this stage, some data that are not clear if true or false are sent from (words storage) and soil the purity of (image storage), which makes the intuition uncertain. The majority of this ‘untrue’ data is the image when you are undecided in your own head whether you should do in this way or that.
For this reason, Buddaha preached ‘Maku—moh—soh’, i.e. not to think anything that you can’t help it. Jesus Christ preached “Thou shalt not worry.” These are the surest way to make you more clearheaded.
From the past, in western philosophy, it has been said that science has systems of Deduction and Induction. May be needless to say but Deduction is to understand the phenomenon of the reality on the basis of certain rule; “A man dies” is an unmovable rule, so “you also die” — it is unmistaken. Then, how the rule ‘a man dies’ came into existence? Because there is the fact that nobody could avoid death so far. It is Induction to find a certain rule from among many surveyed data.
Without these two methods, there had surely not been developments of science. However, judging from HBC, there remains a bit of doubt in ‘Induction.’ For instance, any children know that the stones in their hands fail down when they release their hands. As it is the rule they found by themselves without being taught by anybody, children inducted the fact from their experiences.
But Newton found the law of gravitation, looking at an apple fall from the tree. Is this ‘discovery’ simple ‘induction’? If so, anybody leveling up their knowledge by study is supposed to achieve some discoveries like Newton, but why not so? There seems to have been several people who had doubt on this point also in western world. For instance, Francis Bacon proposed in the beginning of 17th century “As science would not make developments with deduction and induction only, ‘abduction’ ought to be considered.” His proposal somehow did not obtain its place in the world of thought, until as late as the beginning of this century, when a philosopher named Peirce situated theoretically “Deduction, Induction, Abduction” from symbolic logic’s viewpoint.
According to HBC, deduction and induction are language / priority function of (calculation}+(word storage) (included (image storage)). There do not exist “the joy of discovery” of realizing by oneself. Linguistic system is, as same as a computer, not related directly to (life).
“Realizing” as mentioned before, cannot be obtained deliberately, but unconsciously, as is said to come from their side. This should be understood as the function of (life). Hence, very strong joy would accompany to a discovery (abduction).
In western philosophy, such child-type induction ability is called ‘specific induction’, and distinguish the Newton type i.e. abduction as ‘original induction.’ But it is not so vague and the ordinary type shall clearly be recognized as brain’s animal system priority.
Thus, conception is not a small point. “Abduction”, together with deduction and induction, is one of the three major techniques in science.
‘Life’ however is connected in this point so that it is hard to define. However great he may be, the experienced people (a great inventor, a great discoverer) are not conscious of the things happening in their brain. Therefore there is no way to know. Then to learn their essence we have to be very much acquainted (to be apprenticed) with the experienced person. Buddha named such a way of study as “Show—mon--doh”, which means ‘to listen to the master’s voice closely.’
((Hinayana is viewed as Shomon (e.g., Lotus sutra).))
If someone’s imprint says he does not like to be apprenticed to a master, or is not able to do so, what should he do? So Buddha taught such person to “find the way most suitable to one’s brain taking HBC into consideration.”
The HBC hypothesis of Buddha is called “twelve karma” and named “En—gaku--doh” ‘to learn by fate (karma)’, or “Doku— kaku” (‘to learn oneself’).
Engaku (learn by fate) system is to abduct from the one’s knowledge (the true—data on what one see and touch by hand), therefore one’s ‘experience’ is valued.
In other words, before saying any theory, the reality ought to be observed and from the obtained huge quantity of data is made a ‘discovery’. — It is exactly the method of science.
“To notice” on important things means to become conscious, among plenty of images in (image storage), of the data useful to solve problems. If not, no ‘discovery’ would be made. Therefore even if (life) directly connected to (image storage) were put in charge of image scanning, it would encounter with contradiction that as (calculation) is in its sleep, it cannot evaluate the image.
Then to execute abduction consciously, you have no other way as before mentioned than to look for ‘past experiences’ in (image storage) about the ‘essence’ of the problem after performing enough rational pursuit. For that purpose, it is the best way to ask a question, “. . . . in such and such way, for instance?”
To rise something up to a high place, from the image “for instance, like a bird crane” was invented a machine “crane” and wooden wheels came to be put tires from the image ‘like a rubber ball...’ That is called “analogical method”.
In Japanese academic society, which has been gulping down western ‘scientific concept’, there is a mood not accept by any means such analogical method. But in future, both in the Occident and the Orient, the training of conception will become an essential subject in schools and enterprises.
I kindly ask you to understand its true motive.
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((If any reader wants to discuss or make any comment to this article, please send an e- mail to my prodigy address or post the comment at the book at the end of my home page. Thank you and good luck on your journey. My home page is: www.suzaki.has.it
–Kio Suzaki ))