When students have mastered the material in Chapter 3, they should be able to:
1. Identify and describe the mechanisms and means through which genetic information is transferred. Describe the roles of DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
2. Distinguish between the cell division process of mitosis and meiosis and indicate the significance of these processes in genetic variation.
3. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.
4. Describe dominant and recessive genes and how these mechanisms influence the expression of various traits.
5. Describe what is meant by polygenic transmission of traits and be able to provide examples.
6. Describe how and when sex is determined. Discuss sex-linked recessive disorders and how they are transmitted. Explain how genetic imprinting can result in different phenotypic outcomes.
7. Describe characteristics of Down syndrome and conditions that place individuals at higher risk for the disorder.
8. Describe the other major chromosomal abnormalities and their resulting disorders.
9. Describe the major gene-based abnormalities and their resulting disorders.
10. Describe the preimplantation methods used for diagnosing genetic disorders. Discuss the nature of the criticism that these methods engender.
11. Describe the methods used for detecting genetic disorders during the prenatal period and identify the circumstances in which genetic counseling is recommended.
12. Describe the role of behavioral genetics, including the concepts of canalization and range of reaction.
13. Describe how adoption studies are used to examine the heredity/environment issue.
14. Discuss how twins are used to study the relative influences of heredity and environment.
15. Describe the various assumptions and conclusions concerning the influence of genetics on behavior.
CHAPTER 4 Prenatal Development and Birth
When students have mastered the material in Chapter 4, they should be able to:
1. Describe the process of conception and the factors that affect it.
2. Identify and describe the germinal stage of prenatal development, including the process of cell differentiation.
3. Identify and describe the embryonic stage of prenatal development. Identify the event marking the beginning of the stage and describe the changes that occur during the stage.
4. Identify and describe the fetal stage of prenatal development, including information on the kinds of changes that occur and the timing of those changes.
5. Identify the various methods of contraception.
6. Discuss how social attitudes toward abortion have evolved over time. Discuss the goals of pre-abortion counseling.
7. Discuss the various issues concerning pregnancy, including infertility and the physical and psychological adjustments associated with pregnancy.
8. Identify and describe the major biological risk factors associated with each trimester during the prenatal period.
9. Identify and describe the effect that various teratogens have on prenatal development, including alcohol, smoking, and drugs.
10. Discuss the effects of various illnesses (such as rubella and syphilis) on prenatal development. Identify the critical periods in development.
11. Discuss the roles of diet and nutrition, violence, teenage pregnancy, stress, and other environmental hazards on prenatal development.
12. Discuss the physical and biological risk factors associated with the mother during pregnancy.
13. Describe the birth process and identify the characteristics of the three stages of labor.
14. Identify, describe, and evaluate the various birthing techniques, including information on benefits and risks. Discuss the role that midwives and doulas play in contemporary birthing practices.
15. Describe the use of drugs in childbirth. Be able to identify the various drugs and indicate how they function. Identify the cultural differences found in pain perception during childbirth.
16. Describe the problems that can occur during birth that are associated with faulty power, passageway, and passenger and their solutions.
17. Distinguish between low-birth-weight, preterm, and small-for-dates infant. Discuss the likelihood of survival of premature infants.