Most Important Notes from APOL 290 {4,835 words}
IX. Lesson 9 - Evidence for Evolution
A. There are a series of chemical obstacles seen up to now that would keep a cell from ever originating. When in oxygen in the original environment (which evolutionists predict that it is not there), the chemical compounds would have decomposed. But oxygen was a part of the early environment because (1) iron would be in an oxidated state in rocks and this evidence exists in ancient rocks today and (2) the chemical compounds would decompose.
B. Sunlight would disassociate water into hydrogen and oxygen molecules (H2O --> H2 + O2 (called photolysis)). Apollo 16 found a huge hydrogen cloud. Oxygen would have existed in the primordial soup to kill all the other chemicals.
C. VERY IMPORTANT. The 14 facts of science that forbid evolution of the original cell to be true. These were also listed in less reliable form in lesson 8H and 8J.
1. Ultra-violet light would have destroyed or decomposed the DNA.
2. Oxygen would have destroyed the DNA. Oxygen was found in the oxidized state in precambrian rocks. Apollo 16 found a huge hydrogen cloud that suggested oxygen in the early days.
3. Hydrogen peroxide would have been produced during the so-called chemical reactions, and that would have a negative reaction because they would decompose any DNA that might have been formed.
4. Heat would be present in the primordial soup and that would destroy the fragile compounds in the soup.
5. Cosmic rays from outer space would decomposed any DNA that might have been formed.
6. The L-Form amino acids cannot be produced naturally, but they are found exclusively in living things.
7. The D-Forms of sugars are found in the DNA molecule, but they cannot be produced one hundred percent as D-Form naturally, either.
8. The nucleitides in the DNA (which are made up of sugars, bases, and phosphates) decompose in a watery environment.
9. Sugars decompose in a watery environment in the presence of amino acids.
10. The laws of probability would forbid the formation of protein with one hundred percent L-Forms in amino acids. The chance was 1 in 10^114. One chance in 10^50 is considered to be an impossible event. For DNA, the chance is 1 in 10^89190.
11. The Laws of Mass Action says that the reactions tend to go back and forth until they reach equilibrium, rather than to higher formations.
12. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that complex things tend to degenerate into simpler forms
13. A solution of one hundred percent L-Form amino acids would racemate into a mixture of fifty-fifty L-Form and D-Form shapes. This means that one cannot even assume that the one hundred percents were available in the original primordial soup. Racemization means to break down into the fifty-fifty mix.
14. A solution of one hundred percent D-Form amino acids would racemate into a mixture of fifty-fifty L-Form and D-Form shapes.
D. Organelles combine with the oxygen in the body to produce heat and keep the body at 98.6 degrees.
E. The gene site is where the sugars, nucleitides and bases combine.
F. VERY IMPORTANT - The forelimb (forearm), it is suggested, is in all animals (bird, cat, bat, horse, whales, and humans), called the humorus. All the animals have this same bone, so they must have all come from the same ancestor. Certain organs are considered homologous (similar structure, different function). The bird uses the humorus to fly. Man uses it to grasp. Analagous are different structures and same functions. Man has lungs, and fish have gills. This is not good evidence, however, because there should be similar genes in all the similar animals with the humorus (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs), but evolutionists have given up trying to find these.
X. Lesson 10 - The Evidences for Evolution
A. VERY IMPORTANT - Similarities - evolution makes a big deal out of objects and structures that have similarities. From this, we get homologies and analogies. We would expect homologous genes, but we do not find any. We should also expect to see a blending in the fossil record, but we do not.
B. Vestigal Organs - vestiges of a former past organs. At one point, we had about 200 of these things that were called vestigal organs. Now, the list is just a handful because the others turned out to not really be vestiges. The handful are probably questionable.
1. The appendix is very important during the early years of life.
2. The thymus gland is also very important in the early years of life.
3. Both produce protection against disease in early life. As we get older, we do not need these organs, but they are very important in the young. They filter out disease germs in our digestive tract.
4. The tonsils protect the entrance to the digestive tract.
5. The third eyelid was said to be necessary when humans were amphibians, and it was to protect the eyes. However, it is not a vestige, at all. Scientists now know that the third eyelid is a tear regulator. It also packages remnants from our sleeping so that they can be removed in the morning. These are not vestigal organs.
C. Other vertebrate similarities are seven cervicle vertibrate in their neck (human, mouse, giraffe, elephant, and porpoise). Does this similarity mean a common ancestor? No, they are better indications of a common Designer.
D. In comparing the brains of fish, amphibian, reptile, birds, and mammals. The cerebrium in the fish is very small, amphibians bigger, reptile bigger, bird bigger, and mammal even bigger. Is this valid evidence for evolution? No, it is just circumstantial evidence.
E. VERY IMPORTANT (*****) - Comparative embryology - As you develop, you are supposed to repeat the evolutionary history of your embryo. The embryos of the fish, chicken, and human are very similar. A quick glance suggests that they are alike. Every individual passes through a resume of the past stages of evolutionary history. This was called the biogenetic law in the 1940s and 1950s. It was later referred to as ontogeny (embryological development) recapitulates (to repeat) phylogeny (your life history). The human embryo shows what looks like a gill slit and a tail, and this is presumed evidence for evolution and that we pass through an evolutionary history. The biogenetic law has long been known by embryologists to be wrong, but it is still taught as truth. They found that the tongue develops before the teeth and that the brain develops before the nerve cord. Both of these are contrary to evolution. They found that the heart comes before the blood vessels. The human heart beats ten days after conception. The embryonic development is not consistent with the evolutionary prediction. Worms have a one-chamber heart. Fish have a two-chamber heart. Amphibians have a three-chamber heart. Reptiles and mammals have a four-chambered heart. In man's development, we start with a two-chamber, go to a one-chamber, and then to a four-chamber. For evolution to be true, we should go one, two, three, and four chambers in that order. The data shows that there is not any recapitulation of the evolutionary life history. This evidence is false, but most people do not know it. Embryonic recapitulation is not true, but it is still in the textbooks.
F. Comparative biochemistry - evolutionists say that the fact that every form of life has DNA suggests a common ancestor. Put human and rabbit serum in one test tube and chimpanzee and rabbit serum in another. The first one gives albumin precipitated into protein. The second one only gives 85% albumin precipitated into protein. That means that the chimpamzee have 85% molecular structure that is similar to humans. The gorilla has 64%, the orangatang 42%, the baboon 29%, and cattle 10%. The closest to man when comparing the protein in the blood is the chimpanzee, and that is why the chimp is considered our ancestor. BUT THIS IS ALL WRONG. A comparison of 143 amino acids of the alpha hemoglobin of the blood between the viper snake and the crocodile has 5.6% similar amino acids in their hemoglobin, the crocodile and chicken 17.5%, the viper snake and the chicken 10.5%. These data show that this data cannot be used to determine ancestry because a lot of it is not logical. The snake and the crocodile are from the same group.
XI. Lesson 11 - Evolution - a visit to the Liberty University Science/Creation Studies Museum
A. They do research. They have pro and con books, Christian and secular authors. They subscribe to all the major scientific journals.
B. Dimetron was an alligator-type creature that had a sail fin. Evolutionists say it is about 250 million years old, but creationists think it is about 4,500 years old. They have bones from a trachadon (duck bill) dinosaur that was found in Colorado in the summer of 1989.
C. Category four - Evidence from palentology (age/date setters) - Creationists believe that the fossil record was set during the Great Flood. Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks (water borne or water laid, soft and muddy at first).
D. The teacher found a single fossil with a human track in the very same rock as a three-toed dinosaur. This would support the Creation model, and the idea that all creatures were living at the same time. The age of the rocks, using Carbon-14, will be discussed later. The fossil is called an ephemereal marking (ghost-like). They have a rock with numerous fish fossils on it. Their mouths were open, and they seemed to be suffocating and struggling, as might have happened in the Great Flood. He has a tooth of a Tyransarus Rex (the largest meat-eating dinosaur that ever lived).
XII. Lesson 12 - Evolution
A. There are some creatures that have been frozen intact that are very, very well preserved. Some still even have flesh on them. In the latter 1940s, a baby mammoth was discovered and thawed out. It was studied intact. The creature had drowned. The blood type could still be examined. The cell tissues had been preserved, thus indicating that it had been frozen very quickly. It had 54 different plant species in its stomach that had not digested. The temperature would have been at least 150 degrees below zero for that quick freezing. Theologians believe that the Great Flood caused those remains to be frozen. They also believe that all fossils came from the Flood. They have many of the above type remains.
B. A fossil occurs when the creature is buried in sedimentary rock. Rapid fossilization is the theological belief based on the Flood, while evolutionists say that they occurred over long periods of time. The evolutionary time frame for the age of the earth (geologic time table) has twelve periods of time and that each period is buried beneath us. The Cambrian Period was first about 600 million years ago. The top layer is the Quatronary Period, and that is where we are.
C. We have the ages of the dinosaur, fish, reptiles, and so forth. The pre-Cambrian rocks would be, according to Creationists, the period before the Flood. They are sedimentary rocks (water laid rocks laid down by floods (according to the evolutionists), and they would have been suitable for fossils.
D. VERY IMPORTANT - Dr. Steve Austin, an evolutionist, wrote about ten misconceptions or problems of the geologic column. The evolution strata charts are not correct. Four of the ten misconceptions about the chart are listed below.
1. Quarternary |
7. Permian |
2. Neogene |
8. Carboniferous |
3. Cenozoic/Tertiary/Paleogene |
9. Devonian |
4. Cretaceous |
10. Silurian |
5. Jurassic |
11. Ordovician |
6. Mesozoic/Triassic |
12. Paleozoic/Cambrian |
(1) Approximately 77% of the earth's surface are missing seven or more of the twelve strata systems missing.
(2) Ninety-four percent (94%) of the earth's surface have three or more of the twelve missing.
(3) Only a few locations on the earth have all twelve strata (West Nepal, West Bolivia, and Central Poland). The entire geologic column only exists in those three places. Results from the Mt. Saint Helen volcano eruption proved that many of the layers of the strata were missing. Dr. Austin studied Spirit Lake and found that six of the strata periods were formed in about six hours by the eruption, itself. In one day, a miniature Grand Canyon was created that was 140 feet deep. One of the strata was 25 feet deep, and the formations took only hours, not millions of years. All of this says that the Great Flood could have formed the strata layers because that was so much greater than the Mt. Saint Helens volcano. In the Great Flood, there could have been flood and volcano activity.
(4) Some formations of the strata are upside down, one layer over another. The Franklin Mountains in Arizona, the Empire Mountains in Arizona, and the Hearth Mountains in Wyoming are a few of many examples.
E. The geologic evidence does not support the geologic strata table. The evidence for evolution is based on four areas; (1) similarities (comparative anatomy), (2) geographical distribution of plants and animals (certain regions of the earth will have creatures that appear unique to the region), (3) the evidence from genetics (comparative embryology and biochemistry), and (4) the evidence from palentology (fossils and the geologic time table). Colin Patterson, a palentologist, was convinced that the comparative biochemistry was not always accurate. A lizard and a crocodile only share 10.5% of the amino acids of a muscle protein, and a lizard and a chicken also share 10.5%. This comparative biochemistry analysis was also done in Lesson 10F.
F. The changes that are noted are horizontal (microevolution).
G. The evidence from genetics is an example of exotic breeding. Examples are the chiuahua and the great dane. But the wild cliff cabbage can be used to produce cabbage, broccoli, and other types of greens. This kind of evolution is microevolution.
XIII. Lesson 13 - The Facts of Science in Evolution
A. How are things dated? The data/facts in science that supports Creation are based on Thermodynamics, which is heat energy. The First Law of Thermodynamics (the Law of Conservation and Energy) says that energy is neither created nor destroyed. This law makes the spontaneous generation of initial things could not happen. That fits into the Creation Model and a Creator. His energy was transformed into mass. This first law teaches that there was a beginning and that matter cannot create itself. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that all systems run down and that the energy available becomes less available. A simple bedroom illustrates this. It can easily deteriorate, and it takes energy to clean it. The sun is running down. People run down. The Creation model would predict this second law while evolution suggests that things can actually go uphill. A baby developing into an adult does not violate the second law because the information/code in the baby is higher than the baby, and that code permits the development. But ultimately, everything obeys the second law.
B. Geology provides data that can be seen (the fossil record). The professor showed a picture of a fossilized fish eating a fish. That is evidence of a catastrophic rapid burial which might have been typical of the Great Flood. That evidence does not fit the evolutionist's model of fossils over millions of years.
1. A geologic timetable for the evolutionists says that the earliest rocks was the metozoic (many cells) period. The earliest time of fossils is the cambrian. In the pre-cambrian period, when the primordial soup was in operation, was 600 million years before. In the cambrian period, they find coral, squid, octopus, jelly fish, crustacians, worms, and so forth. If evolution is correct, then many fossils should be available for that period for their ancestors. But not a single one has been found. The Creation Model predicts that those fossils would be missing. Neo-Darwinism is the dominant view today, but another view is punctuated equilibrium. The alternative view was developed because of the faulty fossil data. There are not any half-fish, half-amphibian, half-reptile, half-man and so forth fossils, and this is critically important. There are not any transitional forms.
2. When pre-cambrian rocks are examined, not a single metazoan fossil is found. For a fish to convert to an amphibian (complex animals to evolve) takes one billion years, but evolutionists do not have a single one.
3. The cambrian rocks are the oldest with fossils, but one would expect some in the pre-cambrian rocks of the cambrian creatures. Pine pollen has been found in pre-cambrian rocks through high powered electron microscopes, but no one has ever figured out the evolution of plants. But no animal fossils have been found from that same period.
4. Steven Jay Gould came up with punctuated equilibrium, where there was a punctuated period of rapid evolution without fossils followed by prolonged periods of little development.
5. A problem in pre-cambrian rocks is no ancestral fossils for cambrian life forms. Axelrod said, "One of the major unsolved problems of geology and evolution is the occurrence of diversified, multicellular marine invertebrates in lower Cambrian rocks on all the continents and their absence in rocks of greater age." Axelrod is a renouned evolutionist. The absence of these fossils is the major problem with evolution.
6. Invertebrates evolved into vertebrates, but not one transitional form fossil has been found. There is not clear record of the ancestors of the chordate, but he was small and soft-bodied. Invertebrates have external skeletons, while vertebrates have internal skeletons. They have differences in nerve cords (from front to back). There are many differences, but still no transition-form fossils. Evolutionists do not know where the fish came from. They do not know where the chordates came from. These things fit in with an abrupt, Creation-type model. In the evolution of the fish, the evolutionists admit that they have a gap of 100 million years that they will probably never be able to fill.
7. Evolutionists say that fish gave rise to the amphibians.
C. The geology, biology, and palentology evidences fail.
XIV. Lesson 14 - Evolution (From a Fish to a Frog)
A. Evolution instruction never goes into details, and they never discuss the problems, not even in Graduate School.
B. In going from a fish to a frog (amphibian), the fish have fins, and the frogs have feet. The fin has some similar bones as a human forearm, but this similarity (homologous) is not evidence of a common ancestor. To change the fin to a leg of the frog, it must be able to shift to the frog's spinal cord so that it can be support the frog on ground. The fish has a two-chambered heart, but the amphibium has a three-chambered heart. The outer skin surface most go from scaly to smooth skin. The nervous system would also have to be revamped. Transition forms for a half-fish/half-amphibian would not even be able to exist (probably). These changes cannot happen without changing the As, Ts, Cs, and Gs of the nucleitide. These changes would have been gross mutations.
C. The amphibian to the reptile is not supported by fossil evidence, either. Reptiles have four bones in lower jar and one inner ear bone. Amphibians have three bones in the lower jar and two inner ear bones. How would these mutations have happened? There are not any transition forms.
D. New evidence from China says that dinosaurs did not die suddenly, and they continued to exist along with mammals (that were beginning to replace reptiles) for one million years. This is new, and it changes evidence that the dinosaurs were long gone. Evolutionists sat on this data for thirteen years because it goes against the evolutionary model. This does, however, support the idea of abrupt appearance, which is the Creation model.
E. Evolution says that whales evolved from ungulates (cow-like creatures - cows, pigs, horses). The head of the whale would have to be completely restructured. The ribs are different in numbers. The rear legs would have to be changed. Evolutionists say that chromosome and protein studies support this evolution. The transition forms probably would not have survived because they are so illogical, and evolutionists do not have any.
F. In the evolution of horses, it is commonly taught that you started with a three-toed horse and then evolved into a series of hippus animals through seven neatly graded steps until you get to the horse. But there is not any evidence to support it. In fact, evolutionists now admit that the evidence was wrong and deceptive, and they are trying to erase the famous chart from the record. The original three-toed horse was really a rat, and all the stages of the horse were found in the same-aged rocks. Scientists have deliberately tried to force the data in the name of science. There are many examples of this kind of intentional deception.
G. (VERY IMPORTANT - NOTE: The Supreme Court said that Creation did not have to be taught with Evolution but that Creation can be taught if it is done for secular purposes.
H. Flight - we have flying insects, flying birds, flying reptiles, and flying mammals. Four different times in history, flight was said to have evolved. Archaeopteryx is a famous bird fossil that supposedly showed the details of a reptile (teeth in jaw and claws on wings) and a bird. A reptile to a bird would affect the skeleton, the bone (reptiles have solid, birds hollow bones), the forelimb, the sternum (birds big breastbone and five ribs but reptiles have four ribs, and the skin (scaly to feathers). You have to go from being cold-blooded to warm-blooded. Fred Hoyle called this fossil a forgery. He thought it was the fossil of a particular miniature dinasaur. Evolutionists said that Hoyle was wrong, but the British museum took it off display. Palentologists say that the fossil is all bird and no reptile. Jim Gensen, well known palentologist from Brigham Young, found a fully-formed bird in the same rocks as Archaeopteryx. That would not seem logical that the ancestor of the bird could be in the same rock as the bird. Evolutionists now say that Archaeopteryx is an evolutionary dead end.
I. Fossil graveyards exist, and they suggest sudden death and fossilization. The fossil record supports the Creation model.
J. These types of evidences support the Creation model because they strongly refute the Evolution model.
K. We are looking at three units in this class: (1) the evidence of evolution, (2) the facts of science, and (3) Time.
XV. Lesson 15 - Evolution - The Age of the Earth and the Origin of Man (Time)
A. Niles Eldride said that Darwin did not really discuss the origin of species in his book by that title. Colin Patterson said that no one has ever produced a species by natural means, and no one has even come close. Steven M. Stanley pointed out the failure of the fossil record. Steven J. Gould also said that evolutionists cannot appeal to the fossil record to support their case. He also said that the theory of recapitulation should be defunct today. All of these men are evolutionists.
B. The origin of man from an evolutionary view started with chemicals in the soup (from an earlier lesson, those chemicals could not have generated the cell (14 reasons in lesson 9C)), to invertebrates, to chordates (with vertebrates), to primates, to modern man. In the supernatural view, the Creator through abrupt appearance created man one hundred percent complete and fully developed. If true, then all fossils of man will be one hundred percent man and no transition forms. Chimpanzees belong to the primates, and he is supposed to be our ancestor. Evolutionists think that we would have descended from dinosaurs had they not become extinct.
C. Darwin said ("Origin of Species") did not initially say that man evolved from an ape. He finally did in the fifth or sixth revision.
D. VERY IMPORTANT - A dominant view of where we come from is Ramapithecus (southern ape (South Africa) about 15 million years ago), supposedly which was a creature with human-like characteristics (turned out to be a orangatang). Australopithecus was next (1.5 to 3 million years ago - Lucy (a fraudalent attempt)). With each category, the size of the brain gets larger. Homo Erectus was next, which was man walking freely erect (1.7 to 1 million years ago). Neanderthal man was next, and they had a much larger brain than we do. Modern man is 150,000 years to present. The creatures with the biggest brains are extinct, and we remain.
E. Ramapithecus' teeth (u-shape) resemble human teeth. But in 1975, David Pilbean of Harvard, an evolutionist, found a complete skeleton of him, and the jaw is a different shape (v-shape) than the original. Science News (1975) said that Ramapithecus was not part of the human lineage, at all. In fact, the early findings were simply an orangatang. He is no longer considered a human ancestor, and there is not anyone to put in his place.
F. Lucy was a very famous skeleton that was found by a man named Johanson. She was Australopithecus. Johanson finally admitted publicly that the knee bone was different than the original skeleton showed. He found the knee bone two hundred feet lower and one mile and a half further away. It may not have belonged to Lucy, at all. He put the knee with Lucy because of anatomical similarilty (homologous - but this is false logic). This was fraud, trying to fabricate a transitional form when the data did not support it. He caused an embarrassment to the science profession. Evolutionists later admitted that Australopithecus (Lucy) was not of human lineage but that it was an ape. It should be removed from the origin of man symbology.
G. Homo Erectus is the person more erect and looking more human. There are not any fossils to support all the pictures that show up in the textbooks. This was exposed in 1953 to be a fraud (Piltdown man) and that the bones were not as old as originally reported.
XVI. Lesson 16 - Evolution
A. Nebraska Man - In 1922, Harold Cook found a fossilized tooth, and some experts thought that it had human qualities and was a transition form. But the tooth turned out to be from a pig. The false evidence was known in 1924, which was one year before the Scopes trial.
B. Java Man - a member of Homo Erectus (1893 - a thigh bone was a human but the finder admitted sometime later (in 1975) that the skull was phony (from a Gibbon)). Java man is in most high school textbooks even though it is a known fraud.
C. Peking Man - they found a few plastered casts of the skull. Peking man dated around 250,000 to 300,000 years ago. There was evidence of the burning of limestone, which monkeys don't do. The hunter that killed these creatures cut a hole in the head and apparently ate the brains. These creatures turned out to be Gibbons, which were ape-like creatures.
D. The negative evidence is usually omitted so that the truth is distorted, plus the textbooks are usually not updated.
E. Neanderthal Man - considered to be stooped over, Stone Age, crude creature. He was found in Neander Valley. A doctor in Europe discovered that they had very heavy eyebrows, and they had a disease called rickets. Another group were found later, and they were not stooped over. They also appeared to have been buried, and there was evidence of flowers and a funeral. These would not have been monkeys. Now, Neanderthal Man is considered perfectly human and not a caveman.
F. Skulls greater than 750mm is considered human. The gorilla is 650mm, so scientists will try to call anything between those two sizes a transition form when it may not be, at all.
G. Newsweek (1/11/88) did a paper on the search for Adam and Eve, and it talks about a common female ancestor about 280,000 years ago. Wilson said that Homo Erectus (Java Man, Peking Man) did not contribute anything to human ancestry. This evidence was based on biochemical similarities, not the Bible.
H. CONCLUSION: Natural (could not do it), Chemicals (could not do it), Cells (could not do it), invertebrates (no evidence from cells), vertebrates (no evidence from invertebrates), primates (no evidence from vertebrates), Ramapithecus has been removed from the human ancestry, so man was created because there is not any evidence to support evolution.
Tom of Bethany "He that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the Son of God hath not life." (I John 5:12)
Index to Selected Essays And Book Reviews
APOL 290 - The History of Life (Lessons 17-24)
Send email to: tlee6040@aol.com