RATIONAL

IRRATIONAL

perceiving information

·   attention focused on correct actions and emotions (logic and ethics) that dictate states of mind and body (sensing and intuition)

·   act according to their expectation of a situation; form an expectation or plan, then act

·   attention focused during communication on words and speech

·   immediate reaction to words, actions, and emotions

·   low uncertainty tolerance

·   attention focused on correct states of mind and body (sensing and intuition) that dictate actions and emotions (logic and ethics)

·   act according to their current state of mind (impulsiveness)

·   attention focused during communication on mental images

·   “delayed” response; react not to words, actions, and emotions but to changes in their inner state created by words, actions, and emotions

·   high uncertainty tolerance

physiology

·   angular, discrete movements

·   internal tension

·   straight lines and angles in face and body

·   linear biorhythm, actions, emotions, and moods

·   flourish in structured environment

·   smooth body movements and gestures

·   internal relaxedness

·   gentle lines in face and body

·   cyclical biorhythm, actions, emotions, and moods

·   flourish in unstructured environment

emotions

·   sharper, brighter emotions as immediate response to others’ emotions, actions, and words

·   less moody, but moods last longer

·   softer emotions that are adapted to situation

·   tend to be moodier with more impulsive emotions, but moods change more quickly

strengths

·   act decisively and keep correct course in stable circumstances

·   keeping things under order

·   completing one task before starting another

·   act decisively in unstable circumstances

·   improvising; changing plans midstream

·   doing several tasks at once

weaknesses

·   easily disoriented when put in situations with quickly changing rules

·   often have difficulty relaxing after tasks are over

·   become passive in unchanging environment

·   often have difficulty getting revved up sufficiently for task at hand until there is a crisis

behavior in relationships

·   like to discuss their actions, emotions, attachments, and rules of relationship

·   linear relationship development: “we’re dating;” “we’re together now;” “we’re living together now;” etc.

·   emotional and physical closeness increases or decreases linearly

·   like to discuss their states of mind, sensations, understanding of themselves and each other

·   nonlinear relationship development; structure emerges only in hindsight

·   emotional and physical closeness evolves nonlinearly, in waves

EXTRAVERSION

INTROVERSION

perceiving information

·   focused on demands and objective nature of outside world rather than on one’s subjective ties with outside world

·   perceives world as objects that can be taken apart, studied, known, and compared to each other

·   objects are unchanging, ties between objects are changeable; changes interaction between objects to better fit qualities of objects

·   feel responsible for events happening around them and actively influence situations

·   focused on one’s ties with and subjective perception of outside world rather than outside world itself

·   perceives world as ties/relationships between objects and comes to know objects by knowing their ties to other objects

·   ties are unchanging, qualities of object are changeable; adapts qualities of objects to better fit their relationships

·   care for quality of their own and others’ psychological field (nature of interaction between subject and outside world)

physiology

·   generally have more energy to spend; need to spend energy to reach equilibrium

·   generally have higher optimal level of arousal

·   on average slightly larger frame, more commanding/assertive voice

·   tend to gesticulate from the shoulder down

·   focused on conserving energy

·   slightly lower optimal level of arousal

·   on average slightly smaller frame, less commanding voice

·   tend to gesticulate from the elbow down

emotions

·   extraversion does NOT equal outgoingness

·   liven up in unfamiliar settings or when they have someone to give their energy and attention to

·   introversion does NOT equal unsocialibility

·   liven up in familiar settings or when someone is giving them energy and attention

intellectual qualities

·   wider and more superficial interests; interested in things that don’t apply to him

·   need greater stream of external stimuli to avoid boredom

·   narrower but deeper interests; much clearer sense of what applies to him and what doesn’t

·   get more absorbed in situations than extraverts

strengths

·   starting new endeavors

·   opening new territory

·   comparing people’s traits and skills

·   need to speak out loud to understand

·   respecting people’s individual traits and values

·   enjoy taking on new responsibility

·   creating and controlling situations

·   forming new ties between people

·   processing territory that’s already been opened

·   creating finished products

·   better listeners and followers

·   doing their duty and limiting their responsibilities

·   creating new traits and values in people

·   adapting to situations and existing ties between people

typical talents

·   making contacts

·   expanding organization’s activities

·   promoting others

·   working with regular partners; organization’s internal affairs

·   perfecting organization’s internal structure

weaknesses

·   managing their inner world; making sense of themselves

·   overdoing things; wasting energy and spreading themselves too thin

·   can become slaves to outside world and lose sense of self from constantly serving external causes

·   can become drifty and keep changing their external situation without changing their attitudes and inner world

·   handling difficult situations with people they don’t know

·   underdoing things in the outside world; often afraid to demonstrate too much initiative

·   get stuck more easily in undesirable external situations and may not realize that they can change situation or simply get out rather than endlessly adapting

typical doubts

·   often unsure of what ties actually exist between them and others

·   often afraid of losing control of their inner world (feelings, reactions to external stimuli)

·   often unsure of how they (their traits, skills, etc.) compare to other people

·   often afraid of being unnoticed and unneeded in outside world

behavior in relationships

·   continual expansion

·   keep widening relationship by adding new material or activities

·   include partner in his external world (activities, interests, friends)

·   manage inner life of relationship

·   adapts to other person’s initiative

·   include partner in his inner life (feelings, sentiments, inner needs, subjective perception of reality)

·   looks after partner’s feelings

INTUITION

SENSING

perceiving information

·   concentration focused more on generalizations of reality (i.e. abstract mental representations of reality) than on immediate sensory data

·   well-differentiated perception of abstract parameters of situations and processes (i.e. timing, potential, purpose, unseen factors, etc.)

·   duller perception of sensory data and physical sensations

·   concentration focused more on immediate sensory data (information registered through five senses and other sensations) than on generalizations of data

·   well-differentiated perception of sensory data (five senses, appearance, color, physical state and sensations, concrete motives, etc.)

·   duller perception of abstract parameters of situations and processes

physiology

·   more often triangular face and wider forehead compared to jaw

·   movements less aware; concentration focused in mind

·   gaze usually not focused on any object; looks through object without seeing

·   more often rectangular face and heavier jaw

·   more deliberate movements and touch; concentration distributed throughout body

·   gaze usually steady and focused and moves from object to object

emotions

·   emotions seem more distant and are often tied to things happening in their mental representations of reality

·   typically do more punning and plays on words

·   emotions have to do with concrete things or imagining concrete things

·   hearty laughter

intellectual qualities

·   intuition does NOT imply intelligence

·   inductive thinking: from whole to parts (seeing the forest); first understand the overall picture or system, then see concrete reality

·   need to see whole picture to make decisions

·   conceptual thinking

·   strategists

·   deductive thinking: from parts to whole (seeing the trees); always aware of details and less aware of overall system

·   can make decisions quickly in each specific situation with limited information

·   practical thinking

·   tacticians

·   keeping track of material objects and space around them

strengths

·   cultivating unseen potential in people and situations

·   strategic foresight; see prospects and dangers inherent in situations and processes

·   creating sense of meaning and strategic consistency

·   realizing potential; turning potential into material reality (i.e. things)

·   better at deriving sensory pleasure out of their activities

·   understand their own and others’ physical needs and physiological sensations

·   assessing their physical attractiveness and taking advantage of it

typical talents

·   speeding up work

·   modeling processes and phenomena

·   working with hands, cooking, handicrafts

·   tasks requiring extended concentration on objects (monitoring machinery or people, for example)

·   practical medicine

weaknesses

·   slow orientation; “slow-witted” intuiter

·   often don’t know their own tastes desires

·   housework and chores

·   impracticality

·   keep developing potential without materializing plans

·   without direct help and encouragement almost always lead aesthetically and physically bland life

·   can become slaves to information and future prospects and neglect physical sensations

·   lack of sense of timing; tend to make hasty decisions

·   lack of foresight; doesn’t see prospects or dangers looming around corner

·   lack of progress and development; keep materializing desires without developing strategic potential

·   can become hedonists – slaves to sensory pleasures

·   often lack sense of meaning and strategic consistency in life

typical doubts

·   often unsure of their physical sensations and state of health

·   often unsure that their partner is really attracted to them

·   doubts about what will happen tomorrow

behavior in relationships

·   spiritual aspect

·   sense of meaning

·   acquire mental picture of partner that drives partner to become better person

·   sensual aspect

·   sense of measure; pleasure

·   talk about their attraction easily

·   able to help partner relax and enjoy themselves

·   strive to physically acquire partner

LOGIC

(60-70% male)

ETHICS

(60-70% female)

perceiving information

·     focused foremost on demands of material, nonhuman world, or world of “things” in one’s environment

·     perceive things mainly in terms of correct vs. incorrect, logical vs. illogical (i.e. how objectively true words and deeds are)

·     in communication focus on and study what is done and said, content of speech

·     focused foremost on demands of subjective human world, or world of people and relationships

·     perceive things mainly in terms of right vs. wrong, ethical vs. unethical (i.e. how words and deeds will affect people and their relationships)

·     in communication focus on and study people’s feelings and emotional state based on nonverbal information and how things are said

physiology

·     less expressive face and body language

·     more expressive face and body language

emotions

·     less outward emotional range

·     have more stable and long-term feelings for others

·     more emotional range and range of facial expression

·     more confident of and able to consciously control their feelings and emotions

·     adapt their emotional expression to those they interact with

intellectual qualities

·     task-oriented

·     focused on not misleading a person and giving them correct information

·     convincing others using facts and arguments

·     people-oriented

·     focused on enhancing relationships; modifying content and form of speech to match or contradict what others expect to hear

·     use emotions and feelings to persuade

strengths

·     dealing with objective (nonhuman) world

·     countering others’ flawed logic, actions, and procedures and explaining correct logic and procedures

·     making independent decisions in logical sphere

·     evaluating others’ honesty and deeds

·     working with subjective (human) world

·     persuasion

·     adding an emotional, subjective dimension to social interaction

·     making independent decisions in human sphere

·     evaluating others’ good will and positive or negative attitude

·     pleasing others and arousing emotions

typical talents

·     working with inanimate objects and resources

·     technology, equipment, working with mechanisms

·     creating and understanding procedures and instructions

·     creating a good impression on the right people; public relations

·     helping others release emotional tension in individual interaction and social settings

·     being “the life of the party”

norms or “rules of thumb”

·     try to strictly follow others’ ethical norms and rules of thumb for demonstrating emotions and feelings

·     try to use formal logic in discussions and read up on scientific and/or technical literature to increase their self-confidence

weaknesses

·     ethics

·     often feel helpless when forced to deal with others’ feelings, emotional reactions, and subjective factors

·     more subject to emotional manipulation and not recognizing others’ true feelings and attitudes in time

·     evaluating how much work has been done and how much remains to do

·     opinions more easily influenced by others’ logic and arguments

·     more subject to manipulation through dishonest, incorrect, or inconsistent information and deeds

typical doubts

·     often doubt whether they deserveunsure of their right to have feelings for others and demonstrate emotions

·     often unsure that their partner really has feelings for them

·     often unsure of their ability to work and get things done or whether they have done enough work

behavior in relationships

·     manage and diversify structure of relationship

·     show their feelings for partner by doing things for them

·     manage and diversify emotional aspects of relationship

·     show their feelings for partner directly through emotions