General

1. Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body parts

2. Physiology - Concerns the functioning of the body’s structural machinery

3. Complementarity – form relates to function; study both together

Topics of anatomy

1. Gross Anatomy - (or macroscopic anatomy) study of large body structures

-a. Regional Anatomy - structures part of the body (leg, abdomen, ect.)

-b. Systemic Anatomy - the anatomy of a system (example: cardiovascular system)

-c. Surface anatomy - internal body structures relate to surface (blood vessel)

2. Microscopic anatomy - structures too small to be seen without a microscope

-a. Cytology - cellular anatomy

-b. Histology - study of tissues

3. Developmental anatomy - traces structural changes from conception to old age

-a. Embryology - developmental changes before birth

4. Pathological anatomy - structural changes resulting from disease

5. Radiographic anatomy - structures as seen by x-ray or other scanning techniques

6. Molecular biology - study of the structure of biological molecules

7. Anatomical terminology - standardization for relating ideas to others

Topics in Physiology

1. Organ systems – physiology of a particular organ system

-a. Renal physiology - urine production and kidney function

-b. Neurophysiology - workings of the nervous system

2. Physiology - requires knowledge of both

-a. Chemistry – chemical reactions which occur in body

-b. Physics - electric currents, movement (bones and muscle), and blood pressure

Levels of Structural Hierarchy

1. Chemical level – basic level; atoms make up molecules

-a. Atoms - building blocks of matte; the smallest unit of matter

-b. Molecules - such as water, sugar, and protein

2. Cellular level - cells are the smallest unit of living things

3. Tissue level - tissues consist of groups of similar cells

-a. Types - epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue

4. Organ level - a structure composed of at least two types of tissue

5. Organ system level – organs, cooperate, work, common purpose

6. Organismal level – humans; other species

Body’s Organ System

1. Integumentary system – skin; protects body

2. Skeletal system – protects, supports body organs, movement

3. Muscular system – movement

4. Nervous system - fast-acting control system

5. Endocrine system - secrete hormones, regulate processes

6. Cardiovascular system - transports oxygen, nutrients, waste

7. Lymphatic system/Immunity - fluids leaked returns, immunity

8. Respiratory system – supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide

9. Digestive system - breaks down food into absorbable units

10. Urinary system – eliminates wastes regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base

11. Reproductive systems – gamete production; sex; growth embryo/fetus

Necessary life functions

1. Maintenance of boundaries - maintain boundary, internal, external environment

-a. Cells membrane - selectively permeable; good things in; bad things out

-b. Integumentary system – protection from drying out, infection, chemical (toxins)

2. Movement – internal and external; locomotion; peristalsis

3. Responsiveness - (irritability) sense changes, react to them

-a. Nerve cell - are highly irritable and communicate quickly

-b. Body cells – all exhibit irritability to some extent

4. Digestion – ingests and breaks down food

5. Metabolism – carry on needed chemical reactions

6. Excretion - removing waste

7. Reproduction - cellular or organismal level

-a. Cells - growth or repair

-b. Organism - results in the production of a new human

8. Growth - increase in size of a body part or the organism

Survival Needs

1. Nutrients - food

2. Oxygen – all aerobic organisms

3. Water - environment for chemical reactions

4. Temperature - chemical reactions required body temperature

5. Atmospheric pressure – gas exchanges in lungs

Homeostasis

1. Homeostasis - maintain relatively stable internal environment

2. Dynamic equilibrium - not static, change, vary, within narrow limit

3. Set point – level or range that a variable should be maintained

4. Components – usually endocrine or neurological

-a. Variable – the factor or event being controlled

-b. Receptor – component that senses a change in the variable

-c. Control center – afferent signal from receptor; efferent signal to effector

-d. Effector – causes a change in the variable; positive or negative feedback

Negative feedback mechanism

1. Opposite directional change - variables change, opposite to initial change

2. Thermostat – temperature below; heater on; room heats up

3. Blood pressure – high, receptors, brain, lowers heart rate, lowers blood pressure

4. Purpose – continual adjustments

Positive feedback mechanism

1. Same directional change - change in the same direction as the initial disturbance

2. Cascade effect - self perpetuating and explosive

3. Oxytocin – released due to stretch; causes more pressure and stretch

4. Purpose – episodic; has to get done now; not day to day operations

Anatomical position and directional terms

1. Anatomical position – erect; feet together; palms forward

2. Directional Terms - one structure in reference to another; anatomical position

-a. Superior/Inferior - up/down direction

-b. Anterior/posterior - back/front direction

-c. Medial/lateral/intermediate - reference midline; closer (medial), further (lateral)

-d. Proximal/distal - closer to/further from the origin of an organ or limb

-e. Superficial/deep - toward/away from the body’s surface

Regional Terms

1. Fundamental divisions - include

-a. Axial - head, neck, and trunk

-b. Appendicular- the limbs

2. Other terms – revisit as course progresses

Body Planes

1. Sagittal plane - right left parts

-a. Midsagittal plane (median) - midline

-b. Parasaggital plane - not midline

2. Frontal plane (coronal plane) - anterior and posterior parts

3. Transverse plane (horizontal plane) - superior and inferior parts

-a. Cross section - another name for transverse plane

Body Cavities

1. Dorsal Body Cavity – posterior body cavity

-a. Cranial cavity - contains the brain and is encased by the skull

-b. Vertebral (spinal) cavity - in the bony vertebral column and encloses spinal cord

2. Ventral Body Cavity - The more anterior and larger of the body cavities

-a. Thoracic cavity – above the diaphragm; lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus

-b. Abdominopelvic cavity – below diaphragm; digestive, repro, urinary

Serous membrane

1. Serous membrane - double-layered, walls of ventral body cavity and organs

-a. Parietal serosa – covers the walls of the cavity

-b. Visceral serosa – covers the internal organs

-c. Serous fluid - a thin, lubricating fluid which separates the

2. Pericardium - the serous membrane which covers the heart

3. Pleura - the serous membrane which covers the lungs

4. Peritoneum - the serous membrane which covers the organs

Other body cavities

1. Oral cavity - mouth

2. Digestive cavity - esophagus to anus

3. Nasal cavity - posterior to nose and part of the respiratory system

4. Orbital cavity - contain the eyes

5. Middle ear cavities - in the temporal bone, medial to the eardrum

6. Synovial cavities - in fibrous capsule, surround freely moving joints; fluid

Abdominal Regions

1. Umbilical - the center most, surrounds the umbilicus (navel)

2. Epigastric - superior to the umbilical region

3. Hypogastric (pubic) -inferior to umbilical region

4. Iliac (inguinal) - lateral to hypogastric region

5. Lumbar - lateral to umbilical region

6. Hypochondriac - lateral to epigastric region

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

1. Quadrants – used in medical; umbilicus origin; vertical and horizontal lines

-a. Right upper quadrant

-b. Left upper quadrant

-c. Right lower quadrant

-d. Left lower quadrant