BASIC CHEMISTRY

Matter

1. Matter -

2. Mass -

3. Weight -

4. States of matter

-a. Solid -

-b. Liquid -

-c. Gas -

Energy

1. Energy -

2. Measured –

3. Kinetic Energy -

-b. Potential Energy -

4. Forms of Energy -

-a. Chemical energy -

-b. Electrical energy -

-c. Mechanical energy -

-d. Electromagnetic energy -

5. Conversion -

-a. Inefficient -

-b. Heat -

COMPOSITION OF MATTER: ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

Basic Terms

1. Elements -

-a. Body –

-b. Periodic table -

2. Atoms -

-a. Atomic symbol -

Atomic Structure

1. Nucleus -

-a. Protons -

-b. Neutrons -

-c. Atomic Mass Unit (amu) -

2. Electron -

3. Neutrality -

4. Models –

Identifying Elements

1. Atomic Number –

2. Isotope -

3. Hydrogen isotopes -

4. Radioisotopes -

Molecules and Compounds

1. Molecules –

2. Compounds –

-a. Unique –

-b. Molecule –

3. Chemical bonds –

Mixtures

1. Mixtures -

-a. Physical separation –

2. Solutions -

-a. Solvent -

-b. Solute -

3. Colloids -

4. Suspensions -

The Role of Electrons in Chemical Bonding

1. Electron Shell -

2. Valence shell -

-a. Octet Rule (Rule of Eight) -

-b. Shell 1 -

3. Chemically inert –

4. Chemically reactive –

Types of Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic bonds –

-a. Ions - electrons can be transferred; negative or positive charge

-b Anion -

-c. Cation -

-d. Table salt -

2. Covalent bonds -

-a. Single covalent bonds -

-b. Double covalent bonds -

-c. Triple covalent bonds -

Polar and Nonpolar molecules

1. Nonpolar molecules -

-a. Symmetrical –

-b. Carbon dioxide –

2. Polar molecules –

-a. Asymmetrical –

-b. Water –

3. Dipole -

4. Hydrogen bonds –

-a. Water –

-b. Proteins –

Chemical reactions

1. Chemical reactions –

2. Chemical equations -

-a. Reactants -

-b. Products -

-c. Chemical formula -

-d. Balanced equations -

3. Chemical Reactions

-a. Synthesis -

-b. Decomposition -

-c. Exchange –

4. Energy flow -

-a. Exergonic reactions -

-b. Endergonic reactions -

5. Reversibility –

-a. Double arrow –

-b. Equilibrium -

6. Reaction rate -

-a. Temperature -

-b. Particle size -

-c. Concentration -

-d. Catalysts –

BIOCHEMISTRY

Inorganic Compounds

Water

1. Abundance –

2. Heat capacity -

3. Heat of vaporization -

4. Universal solvent -

5. Cushioning -

Salts

1. Salts -

2. Dissociation -

3. Electrolytes -

4. Importance –

-a. Calcium phosphates –

-b. Excitable tissue –

Acids and Bases

1. Electrolytes –

2. Ions -

3. Acid -

-a. HCl –

4. Bases -

-b. NaOH –

5. pH -

-a. Acidic –

-b. Alkaline (basic) –

-c. Neutral -

-d. Logarithmic –

Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates -

2. Atomic composition –

3. Monosaccharides -

-a. Deoxyribose -

-b. Glucose -

-c. Isomers -

3. Disaccharides -

-a. Dehydration synthesis -

-b. Sucrose -

-c. Lactose -

-d. Hydrolysis -

4. Polysaccharides -

-a. Monomer -

-b. Polymer -

-c. Starch -

-d. Glycogen -

5. Functions –

Lipids

1. General –

2. Neutral Fats -

-a. Fatty acids -

-b. Glycerol -

-c. Dehydration synthesis -

-d. Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) -

-e. Nonpolar -

-f. Energy storage -

-g. Saturated fats -

-h. Unsaturated fats -

-i. Monounsaturated fats -

-j. Polyunsaturated fats -

-k. Fats -

-l. Oils -

3. Phospholipids -

-a. Polar head –

-b. Nonpolar tail -

-c. Cell membrane -

4. Steroids -

-a. Cholesterol -

5. Eicosaniods -

-a. Arachidonic acid -

-b. Prostaglandin -

Proteins: general

1. Function –

-a. Structure -

-b. Enzymes -

-c. Other functions –.

2. Make up –

3. Amino acids

-a. Amine group (NH₂) –

-b. Organic Acid Group (COOH) –

-c. R- group -

4. Peptide bonds -

-a. Mono, di, and tripeptides –

-b. Polypeptides -

-c. Proteins -

-d. Macromolecules -

Proteins: structural levels

1. Primary structure -

2. Secondary structure -

-a. Alpha helix -

-b. Beta pleated sheet –

3. Tertiary structure –

4. Quaternary structure -

Proteins: fibrous and globular

1. Fibrous -

-a. Secondary structure -

-b. Quaternary structure -

-c. Properties -

-d. Structural proteins -

-e. Collagen -

2. Globular -

-a. Tertiary structure -

-b. Quaternary structure -

-c. Water soluble -

-d. Functional proteins –

Proteins: denaturation

1. Denaturation -

2. Globular proteins -

3. Causes –

-a. acidity –

-b. heat –

4. Reversible –

5. Irreversible -

6. Active sites -

Enzymes

1. Enzymes -

2. Holoenzyme -

-a. Apoenzyme -

-b. Cofactor -

3. Specificity –

4. -ase -

5. Named -

6. Enzyme activity –

-a. Substrate -

-b. Active site -

-c. Induced-fit model -

-d. Internal rearrangement –

-e. Product –

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

1. Nucleic acids -

-a. Deoxyribonucleic acid -

-b. Ribonucleic acid -

2. Nucleotides -

-a. Phosphate group

-b. Pentose sugar –

-c. Nitrogen containing base –

3. Purines -

-a. Adenine -

-b. Guanine -

4. Pyrimidines -

-a. Cytosine -

-b. Thymine -

-c. Uracil -

5. Dehydration synthesis -

-a. Phosphate group -

-b. Pentose sugar -

6. DNA –

-a. AT -

-b. CG -

7. RNA –

-a. Uracil -

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

1. Cellular respiration -

2. Adenine containing ribonucleotide –

3. Phosphate bond -

4. Cellular functions -