OVERVIEW

1. Historical –

2. Cell theory –

3. Shape -

4. Number -

5. Length –

6. Structure –

-a. Nucleus -

-b. Cytoplasm -

-c. Plasma membrane -

PLASMA MEMBRANE: STRUCTURE

Fluid Mosaic Model

1. Fluid Mosaic Model –

2. Phospholipid bilayer -

-a. Hydrophobic -

-b. Hydrophilic -

3. Glycolipids -

4. Cholesterol -

5. Proteins -

6. Integral proteins -

-a. Functions -

7. Peripheral proteins -

-a. Cytoskeletal attachment –

-b. Glycoproteins –

8. Glycocalyx –

-a. Function –

PLASMA MEMBRANE: FUNCTION

Membrane Transport

Passive processes vs. active processes

1. Passive processes –

2. Active processes –

Passive processes: diffusion

1. Diffusion –

2. Simple diffusion –

-a. Nonpolar -

-b. Polar substances –

-c. Ions –

-d. Selectivity –

2. Facilitated diffusion –

-a. Membrane proteins –

Passive processes: osmosis

1. Osmosis -

2. Concentration gradient –

-a. Higher solute concentration –

-b. Down concentration gradient –

3. Tonicity -

-a. Isotonic –

-b. Hypertonic –

-c. Hypotonic -

Passive Processes: filtration

1. Filtration –

2. Pressure gradient -

3. Examples –

Active processes: active transport

1. Active transport -

2. Solute pump –

3. ATP -

-a. Carrier protein –

4. Symport system -

5. Antiport system -

6. Primary active transport –

-a. Na⁺K⁺ pump –

7. Secondary active transport -

-b. Glucose –

Active processes: vesicular transport

1. Bulk transport –

2. Exocytosis -

3. Endocytosis -

-a. Phagocytosis -

-b. Pinocytosis –

Other Membrane Functions

Resting Membrane Potential

1. Potential –

2. Membrane potential –

3. Resting membrane potential -

4. Generating resting membrane potential –

-a. Potassium ions –

-b. Sodium ions –

-c. Negative –

5. Maintaining resting membrane potential –

-a. Na⁺K⁺ ATPase –

-b. Equilibrium –

Cell-Environment Interactions

1. Glycocalyx –

2. Cell adhesion molecules –

3. Membrane receptors –

-a. Contact signaling-

-b. Electrical signaling –

-c. Chemical signaling –

CYTOPLASM

General

1. Cytoplasm -

2. Components -

-a. Cytosol -

-b. Inclusions -

-c. Cellular organelles -

Cytoplasmic Organelles

General remarks

1. Little organs –

2. Function –

3. Membranes -

Mitochondria

1. Shape –

2. Membranes -

-a. Smooth -

-b. Cristae -

-c. Matrix -

2. Power house -

-a. Cellular respiration -

-b. ATP production -

3. Number -

4. Self replicating -

Ribosomes

1. Ribosomes -

2. Subunits -

3. Protein synthesis –

4. Free ribosomes -

5. Membrane bound ribosomes –

Endoplasmic reticulum

1. Network -

2. Cisternae -

3. Nuclear envelope -

4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

-a. Ribosomes -

-b. Excretory proteins –

-c. Membrane factories –

5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum -

-a. Tubules -

-b. Functions -

Golgi apparatus

1. Golgi apparatus -

2. Functions –

-a. Secretory vesicles –

-b. Plasma membrane -

-c. Lysosomes –

Lysosomes

1. Digestive enzymes –

2. Functions –

-a. Phagocytes –

-b. Metabolic -

-c. Tissue degradation -

-d. Maintenance –

-e. Autolysis –

Peroxisomes

1. Peroxisomes -

2. Exogenous substances -

3. Free radicals –

4. Detoxification –

5. Self replicating -

Cytoskeleton

1. Cytoskeleton -

2. Microtubules -

-a. Tubulin -

-b. Centrosome (cell center) -

-c. Function –

3. Microfilaments -

-a. Actin -

-b. Function -

4. Intermediate filaments -

-a. Function -

-b. Structure -

Centrosomes and Centrioles

1. Centrosome -

2. Centrioles -

-a. Microtubules –

-b. Mitotic spindles –

-c. Motile projections -

Cilia and Flagella

1. Cilia -

2. Flagella -

3. Development -

4. Structure -

NUCLEUS

Nucleus

1. Control center -

2. Nuclear envelope -

-a. Nuclear pore -

3. Nucleoli -

-a. Composition –

-b. Number -

-c. Function -

4. Chromatin -

-a. Histones -

-b. Nucleosome -

5. Chromosomes –

CELL CYCLE

Interphase

1. Interphase –

2. G1 (gap 1) -

-a. Variable -

3. S (synthesis) phase -

4. G2 (gap 2) -

-a. Centrioles –

-b. Asters –

DNA replication

1. Importance -

2. Helix untwist -

3. Template -

4. Nucleotides -

-a. AT -

-b. GC -

Mitosis

1. Prophase -

-a. Nuclear envelope –

-b. Nucleolus -

-c. Centrioles –

-d. Mitotic spindles –

-e. Chromatin –

-f. Chromosomes –

-g. Chromotid –

-h. Centromere –

2. Metaphase -

3. Anaphase –

4. Telophase -

-a. Nuclear envelope -

-b. Nucleolus -

-c. Chromatin -

-d. Cytokinesis -

5. Cytokinesis -

-a. Cleavage furrow -

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

General

1. Gene -

2. Triplet -

3. Exons -

4. Introns -

5. Uracil -

Transcription

1. Transcription -

2. DNA uncoils -

3. mRNA -

-a. Codon -

-b. Genetic code -

-c. Editing mRNA -

Translation

1. Translation –

2. Ribosomes -

-a. rRNA -

3. tRNA -

4. Tail -

5. Head –

-a. Anticodon -

6. Amino acids –