SKIN

General comments

1. Integument -

2. Surface area -

3. Structure -

Epidermis

1. Epidermis-

2. Cells -

-a. Keratinocytes -

-b. Melanocytes -

-c. Langerhans’ cells –

-d. Merkel cells -

3. Epidermal layers -

-a. Stratum basale (germinativum) -

-b. Stratum spinosum -

-c. Stratum granulosum -

-d. Stratum lucidium -

-e. Stratum corneum –

Dermis

1. Dermis -

2. Papillary layer -

-a. Dermal papillae -

3. Reticular layer -

4. Blood vessels –

5. Nerve receptors –

-a. Free nerve endings -

-b. Meissner’s corpuscles -

-c. Pacinian corpuscles -

Hypodermis

1. Hypodermis -

2. Superficial fascia –

3. Adipose tissue -

4. Areolar connective tissue -

Skin color

1. Melanin -

-a. Melanocytes -

-b. UV radiation -

-c. Racial differences -

2. Carotene –

3. Hemoglobin -

4. Variations -

-a. Cyanosis –

-b. Erythema (redness) -

-c. Pallor (blanching) -

-d. Jaundice –

APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

General comments

1. Epidermal derivatives -

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

1. Number -

2. Eccrine sweat glands -

-a. Distribution -

-b. Exocytosis –

-c. Sweat -

-d. Thermoregulation –

3. Apocrine sweat glands -

-a. Location -

-b. Sweat –

-c. Odor -

-d. Function -

4. Ceruminous glands -

-a. Cerumen -

5. Mammary gland -

Sebaceous (oil) gland

1. Hair follicle -

2. Distribution -

3. Sebum -

4. Holocrine gland -

5. Functions -

Hairs and hair follicles

1. General –

-a. Function –

-b. Pili (hair) –

-c. hard keratin -

2. Regions of the hair

-a. Shaft -

-b. Root -

3. Layers

-a. Medulla -

-b. Cortex -

-c. Cuticle -

4. Pigment -

5. Hair follicle –

-a. Connective tissue root sheath -

-b. Epithelial root sheath -

-c. Hair bulb -

-d. Connective tissue papilla -

-e. Hair matrix -

-f. Root hair plexus -

-g. Arrector pili -

-h. Distribution -

6. Types –

-a. Vellus hair -

-b. Terminal hair -

7. Growth cycle -

Nails

1. Nails -

2. Function -

3. Free edge -

4. Nail body -

5. Root -

6. Nail bed -

7. Nail matrix -

8. Lunula -

9. Lateral nail folds –

10. Eponychium (cuticle) -

FUNCTIONS

Protection

1. Chemical barriers –

-a. Melanin -

-b. Sebum -

-c. Acid mantle -

2. Physical (mechanical) barriers -

3. Biological barrier -

Body temperature regulation

1. Sweating -

2. Blood flow -

Cutaneous sensation

1. Receptors -

Metabolic functions

1. Vitamin D -

2. Other functions -

Blood reservoir

1. Quantity -

2. Rerouting -

Excretion

1. Nitrogen containing waste -

2. Salt loss –

TISSUE REPAIR

Steps in tissue repair

1. Inflammation -

-a. Clot -

2. Organization -

-a. Granulation tissue -

-b. Capillaries -

-c. Macrophages -

-d. Fibroblast –

3. Permanent repair –

-a. Regeneration -

-b. Fibrosis -

Factors effecting tissue repair

1. Tissue type -

-a. Very good –

-b. Good -

-c. Limited -

-d. Poor -

-e. Never (almost) -

2. Type of injury -

3. Blood supply -

4. Overall health -

DISORDERS

General comments

1. Indicator -

2. Infections -

Hair thinning and baldness

1. Alopecia -

2. Male pattern baldness -

3. Other factors -

Burns

1. Effects –

-a. Body fluid loss -

-b. Metabolic imbalances -

-c. Infection -

2. Depth of burns –

-a. First degree burn -

-b. Second degree burn -

-c. Third degree burns -

3. Rule of nine -

Skin cancer

1. Basal cell carcinoma -

-a. Stratum basale –

-b. Appearance -

-c. Treatment –

2. Squamous cell carcinoma –

-a. Stratum spinosa –

-b. Appearance -

-c. Treatment -

3. Malignant melanoma -

-a. Melanocyte cancer -

-b. Appearance -

-c. Treatment -

4. ABCD rule -