SKELETAL CARTILAGE

General comments

1. Water -

2. Collagen fibers –

3. Proteoglycans -

4. Perichondrium -

Hyaline cartilage

1. Histology -

2. Function -

3. Location -

-a. Embryonic skeleton -

-b. Epiphyseal plate -

-c. Articular cartilage -

-d. Costal cartilage -

-e. Laryngeal cartilage -

-f. Tracheal/bronchial cartilage -

-g. Nasal cartilage -

Elastic cartilage

1. Histology -

2. Function -

3. Location -

-a. External ear -

-b. Epiglottis -

Fibrocartilage

1. Histology -

2. Function -

3. Location -

-a. Menisci -

-b. Intervertembral disc -

Growth of cartilage

1. Appositional growth -

2. Interstitial growth -

FUNCTION OF BONES

Support

1. Leg bones -

2. Rib cage -

Protection

1. Skull -

2. Vertebrae -

3. Rib cage -

Movement

1. Levers -

Mineral storage

1. Calcium -

2. Phosphate –

Blood cell formation

1. Hematopoiesis -

2. Red marrow –

-a. Newborns –

-b. Adults –

BONE HISTOLOGY

Types of bone tissue

1. Compact bone –

2. Spongy bone –

Types of cells

1. Osteogenic cells –

2. Osteoblast –

3. Osteocytes –

4. Osteoblast –

BONE STRUCTURE

Long bone

1. Diaphysis -

2. Medullary cavity -

3. Epiphysis -

-a. Articular cartilage -

-b. Epiphyseal line -

4. Periosteum -

-a. Fibrous layer -

-b. Osteogenic layer -

-c. Sharpey’s fibers -

-d. Functions -

5. Endosteum -

Short, irregular, and flat bones

1. Compact bone -

-a. Periosteum -

2. Spongy bone –

-b. Endosteum –

-c. Bone marrow –

3. Diploe –

Compact bone

1. Osteon (Haversian system) -

2. Lamella -

3. Haversian (central) canal -

4. Volkmann canals –

5. Osteocytes -

6. Lacunae -

7. Canaliculi -

Spongy bone

1. Trabeculae -

2. Nutrients -

Composition of bone

1. Organic components –

2. Osteoid -

-a. Collagen fibers -

-b. Ground substances -

3. Inorganic material –

OSTEOGENESIS

Bony skeleton formation: intermembranous ossification

1. Flat bones –

2. Fibrous connective tissue membrane -

3. Ossification center -

4. Bone matrix -

-a. Osteocytes –

5. Woven bone formation -

6. Periosteum forms -

7. Bone collar -

8. Red marrow forms -

Bony skeleton formation; endochondral ossification

1. Most bones –

2. Primary ossification center -

-a. Bone collar forms -

-b. Calcification –

-c. Cavitation –

-d. Periosteal bud –

-e. Spongy bone –

-f. Medullary cavity –

3. Secondary ossification center -

-a. Epiphyses ossification –

-b. Epiphyseal plate -

-c. Articular cartilage -

Postnatal bone growth: increase in length

1. Epiphyseal plate –

2. Interstitial growth -

3. Zones –

-a. Growth zone –

-b. Transformation zone –

-c. Osteogenic zone –

4. Medullary cavity –

5. Remodeling -

Postnatal bone growth: increase in width

1. Appositional growth –

-a. Osteoblast -

-b. Osteoclast -

Hormonal regulation of bone growth

1. Growth hormone –

2. Thyroid hormones -

3. Sex hormones -

BONE HOMEOSTASIS

Bone remodeling

2. Bone deposition -

-a. Osteoblast -

-b. Calcification -

3. Bone resorption -

-a. Osteoclast -

-b. Lysosomal enzymes -

-c. Acids –

Control of remodeling: hormonal mechanism

1. Blood calcium homeostasis -

2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -

-a. Low blood calcium level -

-b. Osteoclast -

3. Calcitonin –

-a. High blood calcium level -

Control of remodeling: mechanical stress

1. Bone centered -

2. Stress -

3. Wolff’s law -

5. Mechanism –

Fractures

1. Classification –

-a. Comminuted –

-b. Epiphyseal –

-c. Spiral –

-d. Compression –

-e. Depression –

-f. Greenstick –

3. Reduction -

-a. Closed reduction -

-b. Open reduction -

4. Immobilization -

5. Stages of bone healing -

-a. Hematoma formation –

-b. Fibrocartilaginous callus -

-c. Bony callus formation -

-d. Remodeling -

Homeostatic imbalances

1. Osteoporosis -

-a. Proportion -

-b. Fractures -

-c. Estrogen level -

-d. Treatment –

2. Osteomalacia -

3. Rickets -

4. Paget’s disease -