CLASSIFICATION

Location

1. Axial –

2. Appendicular –

Categories of bones

1. Long bones -

2. Short bones -

-a. Sesamoid –

3. Flat bones -

4. Irregular bone –

BONE MARKINGS

Bone markings

1. Bone markings -

2. Attachment sites –

-a. Tuberosity –

-b. Crest –

-c. Trochanter –

-d. Line –

-e. Tubercule –

-f. Epicondoyle –

-g. Spine –

-h. Process –

3. Articulating surfaces –

-a. Head –

-b. Facet –

-c. Condyle –

-d. Ramus –

-e. Fossa –

4. Passage –

-a. Sinus –

-b. Groove –

-c. Fissure –

-d. Foramen –

-e. Meatus –

AXIAL SKELETON

Skull: cranium

1. Cranium –

2. Sutures –

-a. Coronal –

-b. Sagittal –

-c. Lamboidal -

-d. Squamous -

-e. Occipitomastoid suture –

3. Frontal bone -

-a. Supraorbital foramen –

-b. Frontal sinus –

4. Parietal bone -

5. Occipital bone –

-a. Foramen magnum –

-b. Occipital condyle -

-c. External occipital protuberence –

6. Temporal bone -

-a. Zygomatic process –

-b. Mandibular fossa –

-c. External auditory (acoustic) meatus –

-d. Styloid process -

-e. Mastoid process –

-f. Jugular foramen –

-g. Carotid canal –

-h. Internal acoustic meatus –

7. Sphenoid bone -

-a. Sphenoid sinuses –

-b. Sella turcica –

-c. Greater wing –

-d. Lesser wing –

-e. Optic foramen –

-f. Superior orbital fissure -

8. Ethmoid bone -

-a. Cribiform plate –

-b. Crista galli –

-c. Perpendicular plate –

-d. Lateral masses –

-e. Ethmoid sinuses -

-f. Nasal concha (turbinate) -

9. Cranial fossae –

-a. Posterior cranial fossa –

-b. Middle cranial fossa –

-c. Anterior cranial fossa –

10. Cranial vault (calvaria) –

Skull: facial bones

1. Mandible -

-a. Body –

-b. Ramus –

-c. Mandibular angle –

-d. Coronoid process –

-e. Mandibular condyle –

-f. Alveolar margin –

-g. Mandibular foramina –

-h. Mental foramina –

2. Maxillary bone -

-a. Alveolar margin –

-b. Palatine process –

-c. Maxillary sinuses –

3. Zygomatic bone –

4. Nasal bones –

5. Lacrimal bone -

-a. Lacrimal fossa -

6. Palatine bone -

7. Vomer -

8. Inferior nasal concha -

Skull: orbit

1. Orbit -

2. Frontal bone -

3. Lacrimal bone -

4. Sphenoid bone -

-a. Optic foramen -

-b. Superior orbital fissure –

5. Ethmoid bone -

6. Zygomatic bone -

7. Maxillary bone -

8. Palatine bone -

Skull: nasal cavity

1. Roof -

2. Lateral walls -

-a. Superior concha –

-b. Middle concha –

-c. Inferior nasal concha –

-d. Perpendicular plate -

3. Floor –

-a. Palatine process -

-b. Palatine bone –

4. Nasal septum –

-a. Vomer -

-b. Perpendicular plate (ethmoid) -

-c. Cartilage -

Skull: Paranasal sinuses

1. Paranasal sinuses -

2. Functions –

3. Frontal sinus -

4. Sphenoid -

5. Ethmoid -

6. Maxillary -

Hyoid bone

1. Hyoid bone -

2. Larynx –

Vertebral column: ligaments

1. Ligaments -

2. Anterior longitudinal ligament –

3. Posterior longitudinal ligament -

4. Other ligaments –

Vertebral column: intervertebral disc

1. Intervertebral discs -

2. Nucleus pulposus -

3. Annulus fibrosis -

4. Herniated disc -

Vertebral column: divisions

1. Cervical -

2. Thoracic -

3. Lumbar -

4. Sacrum -

5. Coccyx -

Vertebral column: curvatures

1. S shaped –

2. Function –

3. Cervical -

4. Thoracic -

5. Lumbar -

6. Sacrum –

7. Primary curvatures –

8. Secondary curvatures –

9. Abnormalities –

-a. Scoliosis -

-b. Kyphosis -

-c. Lordosis -

Vertebral column: vertebral structure

1. Body –

2. Vertebral arch –

3. Vertebral foramen –

4. Vertebral canal –

5. Spinous process –

6. Transverse process –

7. Articular surfaces –

Vertebral column: atlas and axis

1. Atlas –

-a. Function –

2. Axis –

-a. Odentoid process (dens) –

-b. Function –

Vertebral column: regional characteristics

1. Cervical vertebrae –

-a. Spinous process –

-b. Transverse foramina –

2. Thoracic vertebrae –

-a. Spinous process –

-b. Facets –

3. Lumbar vertebrae –

-a. Spinous process –

4. Sacrum –

-a. Superior articular processes –

-b. Auricular surface –

-c. Sacroilliac joint –

-d. Sacral promontory –

-e. Sacral foramina –

-f. Sacral crests –

-g. Sacral canal –

-h. Sacral hiatus –

5. Coccyx –

Bony thorax

1. Sternum –

-a. Manubrium –

-b. Body –

-c. Xiphoid process –

2. Ribs –

-a. True ribs –

-b. False ribs –

-c. Floating ribs –