CLASSIFICATION

Mobility

1. Synarthrosis -

2. Amphiarthrosis -

3. Diarthrosis -

Structural classification

1. Fibrous joints –

-a. Sutures -

-b. Syndesmosis -

-c. Gomphosis -

2. Cartilaginous joints -

-a. Synchondrosis -

-b. Symphysis -

3. Synovial joints -

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

General structure

1. Articular cartilage -

2. Joint (synovial cavity) –

3. Articular capsule -

-a. Fibrous capsule -

-b. Synovial membrane -

4. Synovial fluid -

5. Reinforcing ligaments -

-a. Intrinsic (capsular) ligaments -

-b. Extracapsular ligaments -

-c. Intracapsular ligaments -

6. Fatty pads -

7. Minisci (articular disc) -

8. Bursae -

9. Tendon sheaths -

Factors influencing stability

1. Articular surfaces -

2. Ligaments -

3. Muscle tone -

Range of motion

1. Nonaxial movement -

2. Uniaxial movement -

3. Biaxial movement -

4. Multiaxial movement -

Types of movement

1. Gliding movements -

2. Angular movements -

-a. Flexion -

-b. Extension -

-c. Dorsiflexion -

-d. Plantar flexion -

-e. Abduction -

-f. Adduction -

-g. Circumduction -

3. Rotation -

4. Special movements -

-a. Supination -

-b. Pronation -

-c. Inversion -

-d. Eversion -

-e. Protraction -

-f. Retraction -

-g. Elevation -

-h. Depression -

-i. Opposition -

Types of synovial joints

1. Plane joints -

2. Hinge joints -

3. Pivot joints -

4. Condyloid joints -

5. Saddle joints -

6. Ball-and-socket joints -

SELECTED SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

1. Articulating surfaces -

2. Joint type -

3. Articular capsule -

4. Ligaments -

-a. Coracohumeral ligament -

-b. Glenohumeral ligaments -

-c. Transverse humeral ligament -

5. Joint stabilization -

6. Movements -

Hip (coxal) joint

1. Articulating surfaces -

2. Joint type -

3. Articular capsule -

4. Ligaments -

-a. Ileofemoral ligament -

-b. Pubofemoral ligament -

-c. Ischiofemoral ligament -

-d. Ligamentum teres -

5. Joint stability -

6. Movements -

Elbow joint

1. Articulating surfaces -

-a. Elbow –

-b. Proximal radioulnar -

2. Joint types -

-a. Elbow -

-b. Proximal radioulnar -

3. Articular capsule -

4. Ligaments -

-a. Annular ligament -

-b. Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament -

-c. Radial (lateral) collateral ligament -

5. Stabilizers -

6. Movements -

-a. Elbow –

-b. Proximal radioulnar -

Knee joint

1. Articulating surfaces -

-a. Femoropatellar joint -

-b. Tibiofemoral joint -

2. Meniscus -

3. Joint type -

4. Articular capsule -

5. Patellar ligaments –

6. Extracapsular ligaments -

-a. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament -

-b. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament -

-c. Popliteal ligaments -

7. Intracapsular ligaments -

-a. Interior crucinate ligament -

-b. Posterior crucinate ligament –

8. Joint stability -

9. Tibial movement -

-a. Extension -

-b. Rotation -

10. Sports injuries -

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

Joint injuries

1. Sprains -

2. Cartilage injuries -

3. Dislocations (luxation) -

Inflammatory and degenerative conditions

1. Bursitis -

2. Tendonitis -

3. Osteoarthritis -

-a. Bony spurs –

4. Rheumatoid arthritis –

-a. Inflammatory cells –

-b. Ankylosis -

5. Gouty arthritis -

-a. Untreated -

-b. Treatment -