OVERVIEW

Muscle type

1. Skeletal muscle -

2. Cardiac muscle -

3. Smooth muscle -

Muscle function

1. Movement -

2. Postural maintenance -

3. Joint stability -

4. Heat generation -

Functional characteristics

1. Excitability (irritability) -

2. Contractility -

3. Extendibility -

4. Elasticity -

SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY

Gross anatomy: connective tissue wrappings

1. Endomysium -

2. Perimysium -

-a. Fascicles -

3. Epimysium -

4. Deep fascia -

Gross anatomy: attachments

1. Direct -

2. Indirect -

-a. Tendon -

-b. Aponeurosis -

Microscopic anatomy: general

1. Muscle fiber –

2. Sarcolemma -

3. Sarcoplasm -

-a. Myoglobin –

-b. Glycogen –

Microscopic anatomy: myofibril

1. Myofibrils -

2. Bands -

3. A band -

-a. H zone -

-b. M line -

4. I band -

-a. Z disc –

5. Sarcomere -

6. Myofilaments –

Microscopic anatomy: myofilament

1. Thick filaments -

-a. Myosin -

-b. Head -

-c. ATPase -

-d. A band -

-e. H zone -

-f. M line -

2. Thin filaments -

-a. Actin -

-b. Myosin binding site -

-c. Tropomyosin -

-d. Troponin molecules (complex) -

-e. Z disc -

Microscopic anatomy: sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules

1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum -

2. Terminal cisternae -

-a. Calcium ion -

3. T (transverse) tubules –

-a. Impulse -

4. Triads -

MUSCLE FIBER PHYSIOLOGY

Nerve-muscle relationship

1. Somatic motor fibers –

2. Motor unit –

3. Synapse –

4. Neuromuscular junction –

5. Axonal terminal -

-a. Neuromuscular junction –

6. Synaptic cleft -

7. Motor end plate -

8. Acetylcholine receptors -

9. Nerve stimulus –

-a. Nerve impulse -

-b. Calcium channels -

-c. Calcium influx –

-d. Synaptic vesicles -

-e. Acetylcholine –

-f. Exocytosis –

Electrically excitable cells

1. Depolarization -

2. Action potential -

3. Repolarization -

-a. Potassium ion channels –

4. Refractory period -

5. Na+, K+ ATPase -

6. All-or-none response -

7. Acetylcholine esterase –

Excitation

1. Acetylcholine -

2. Acetylcholine receptors –

-a. Ligand - gated ion channel –

3. Action potential –

Excitation – contraction coupling

1. Action potential –

2. Calcium ions –

3. Low calcium concentration –

-a. Troponin –

-b. Tropomyosin –

4. High calcium concentration –

-a. Troponin –

-b. Tropomyosin –

-c. Myosin binding site –

5. Cross bridge attachment –

6. Power stroke –

-a. Thin filament –

-b. ADP –

-c. Inorganic phosphate –

7. Cross bridge detachment –

8. Myosin ATPase –

–a. Myosin head –

9. Sliding filament theory –

Sliding filament theory

1. Mechanism (theory) –

2. Hugh Huxley –

Relaxation

1. Nerve stimulus –

2. Acetylcholine esterase –

3. Active calcium pump –

4. Troponin –

5. Tropomyosin –

WHOLE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Muscle twitch

1. Myogram –

2. Muscle twitch –

3. Phases –

-a. Latency period –

-b. Contraction period –

-c. Relaxation period –

4. Differences –

-a. Extrinsic eye muscles –

-b. Calf muscles –

5. Refractory period –

-a. Skeletal muscle –

-b. Cardiac muscle –

Graded muscle response

1. Graded response –

2. Wave (temporal) summation –

-a. Wave summation –

-b. Unfused (incomplete) tetanus –

-c. Fused (complete) tetanus –

3. Motor unit recruitment –

-a. Stimulus strength –

-b. Motor units –

Treppe: the staircase effect

1. Treppe -

2. Calcium availability –

3. Heat -

Muscle tone

1. Muscle tone –

2. Spinal reflexes –

3. Motor units –

4. Joint stability –

5. Posture –

Isotonic and isometric contractions

1. Isotonic contractions –

-a. Concentric –

-b. Eccentric –

2. Isometric contractions –

MUSCLE METABOLISMS

Providing energy

1. ATP -

2. Creatine phosphate -

3. Anaerobic glycolysis –

-a. Lactic acid -

4. Aerobic respiration –

5. Sports activities -

-a. Aerobic endurance -

-b. Anaerobic endurance -

Muscle fatigue

1. Muscle fatigue -

2. Contractures -

3. Lactic acid -

4. Ionic imbalances -

Oxygen debt

1. Restoration –

2. Oxygen debt -

Heat production

1. Source -

2. Metabolism activities –

3. Homeostasis –

-a. Dermal capillaries –

-b. Shivering -

FORCE, VELOCITY, AND DURATION OF CONTRACTION

Force

1. Number of muscle fibers stimulated -

2. Relative size -

3. Series elastic elements -

4. Degree of muscle stretch -

-a. Too little -

-b. Too much -

Velocity and duration of contraction

1. Load -

2. Muscle fiber type -

-a. Slow oxidative fibers –

-b. Fast oxidative fibers -

-c, Fast glycolytic fibers –

Exercise

1. Aerobic (endurance) exercise -

-a. Benefits -

2. Resistance (anaerobic) exercise -

-b. Benefits –

3. Cross training -

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Arrangement of smooth muscle cells

1. Sheets -

2. Longitudinal layer –

3. Circular layer -

Microscopic anatomy

1. General -

2. Innervation -

-a. Varicosities –

-b. Diffuse junctions -

3. Calcium source -

-a. Caveoli -

-b. Sarcoplasmic reticulum –

4. Intermediate filaments –

5. Dense bodies –

6. Myofilaments –

-a. Thick filament –

-b. Thin filament –

Contraction

1. Calcium -

2. Calmodulin -

3. Kinase -

4. Relaxation -

Special characteristics

1. Duration -

2. ATP efficient -

3. Aerobic respiration -

4. Regulation -

-a. Autonomic control -

-b. Neurotransmitter receptors -

-c. Other stimuli -

5. Other special features –

-a. Response to stretch –

-b. Hyperplasia –

Types

1. Single unit smooth muscle –

-a. Gap junctions -

2. Multiunit smooth muscle –

REGENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Regeneration

1. Skeletal muscle –

-a. Hypertrophy –

-b. Hyperplasia –

-c. Satellite cells –

-d. Fibrosis –

2. Cardiac muscle –

-a. Hypertrophy –

3. Smooth muscle –

-a. Pericytes –

Development

1. Mesoderm –

2. Somites –