OVERVIEW

Maintaining homeostasis

1. Nervous system -

2. Endocrine system -

Functions of the nervous system

1. Sensory input -

2. Integration –

3. Motor output -

Organization of the nervous system

1. CNS –

-a. Brain –

-b. Spinal cord –

2. PNS –

-a. Sensory (afferent) division –

-b. Motor (efferent) division –

3. Somatic nervous system –

4. Autonomic nervous system –

-a. Sympathetic division –

-b. Parasympathetic division –

5. Enteric nervous system –

HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE

Supporting cells

1. Neuroglia (glial cells) –

2. CNS –

-a. Astrocytes -

-b. Microglia -

-c. Epidymal cells -

-d. Oligodendrocytes -

3. PNS –

-a. Satellite cells -

-b. Schwann cells -

Neuron: functional characteristics

1. Longevity -

2. Amitotic -

3. High metabolic rate -

Neuron: cytology

1. Cell body (perikaryon or soma) -

-a. Golgi apparatus –

-b. Nissl bodies -

2. Dendrites -

-a. Receptive (input) region -

3. Axons -

-a. Axonal hillock -

-b. Trigger zone –

-b. Conduction zone -

-c. Nerve fibers -

-d. Axonal collaterals -

-e. Terminal branches -

-f. Axonal terminals (synaptic knobs) -

-g. Secretory zone -

-h. Microtubules –

Myelin sheath

1. Myelinated fibers -

2. Schwann cells -

-a. Myelin sheath -

-b. Neurolemma -

-c. Node of Ranvier –

3. Oligodendrocytes –

4. Unmyelinated fibers -

Classification of neurons

1. Structural classification –

-a. Multipolar neurons –

-b. Bipolar neurons –

-c. Unipolar neurons -

2. Functional classification -

-a. Sensory (afferent) neurons -

-b. Motor (efferent) neurons -

-c. Association neurons (interneurons) -

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Basic electrical principles

1. Resting membrane potential –

2. Current – represents the flow of electrically charge particles; flow of ions

Ion channels

1. Passive ion channels -

2. Active (gated) channels –

-a. Chemically gated channels -

-b. Voltage gated channels -

Resting membrane potential

1. Resting membrane potential -

2. Charged particles –

-a. Sodium (Na⁺) –

-b. Potassium (K⁺) –

-c. Chloride ions (Cl⁻) –

-d. Negatively charged proteins (A⁻) –

3. Passive diffusion -

4. ATPase (Na⁺,K⁺ pump) –

Graded potential

1. Graded potentials -

2. Receptor potential -

3. Postsynaptic potential -

4. Depolarization -

5. Hyperpolarization –

6. Capacitance current –

7. Decremental –

Action potential generation

1. Resting state -

2. Depolarization –

-a. Local potential –

-b. Trigger area –

-c. Voltage gated Na⁺ channels -

-d. Threshold –

-e. Positive feedback -

3. Repolarization –

-a. Voltage gated K⁺ channels –

-b. Voltage gated Na⁺ channels –

-c. Potassium -

4. Undershoot –

-a. Hyperpolarization –

-b. Resting membrane potential –

-c. Na⁺, K⁺ATPase -

Action potential propagation

1. All-or-none law –

2. Nondecremental –

3. Irreversible –

4. Chain reaction –

5. Nerve signal –

6. Refractory period –

7. Stimulus intensity –

Refractory period

1. Absolute refractory period -

-a. Voltage gated Na+ channels –

2. Relative refractory period –

Conduction velocities

1. Axon diameter -

2. Myelin sheath -

-a. Saltatory conduction -

-b. Multiple sclerosis -

3. Speed –

Synapse

1. Location –

-a. Axodendritic -

-b. Axosomatic -

-c. Less common –

2. Varieties –

-a. Electrical synapse –

-b. Chemical –

Chemical synapse

1. Presynaptic neuron’s axonal terminal -

-a. Neurotransmitters -

2. Synaptic cleft -

3. Postsynaptic neuron receptors -

4. Neurotransmitter release –

-a. Calcium gates open -

-b. Exocytosis -

5. Receptor binding -

6. Ion channels open -

7. Neurotransmitter’s fate –

-a. Enzyme degradation -

-b. Reuptake -

-c. Diffusion -

8. Synaptic delay –

Postsynaptic potential

1. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials EPSP -

2. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP –

-a. Cl^– channels –

-b. K⁺ channels –

Summation

1. Temporal summation -

2. Spatial summation -

Modification

1. Synaptic potentiation –

-a. Presynaptic –

-b. Postsynaptic –

-c. Memory –

2. Presynaptic inhibition –

-a. Axoaxonic synapse –

3. Neuronal modulation -

Neurotransmitters: chemical classification

1. Acetylcholine -

2. Biogenic amines -

-a. Catecholamines -

-b. Indolamines –

3. Amino acids -

4. Peptides -

5. Novel messengers -

Neurotransmitters: functional classification

1. Effects –

2. Mechanism –

-a. Directly -

-b. Indirectly -

Neurotransmitter receptors

1. Channel linked receptors -

2. G protein linked receptors -

-a. Second messenger -

MISCELLANEOUS

Neuronal pools

1. Neuronal pools -

2. Discharge zone -

3. Facilitated zone –

Circuits

1. Circuits –

2. Diverging circuits –

-a. Amplification –

3. Converging circuits –

-a. Concentration –

4. Reverberating circuits –

-b. Rhythmic activities –

5. Parallel after discharge circuits –

-a. Precise mental functions –

Neural processing

1. Serial processing –

–a. Reflex arc –

2. Parallel processing –

-a. Higher brain functions –

Nerve fiber regeneration

1. Distal end –

2. Wallerian degeneration -

3. Macrophages –

4. Schwann cells –

-a. Growth factors –

-b. Guide –

5. CNS –