SPINAL CORD ANATOMY

Gross anatomy

1. Spinal cord –

2. Epidural space –

3. Spinal dural sheath –

4. Arachnoid –

5. Subarachnoid space –

-a. Lumbar puncture –

6. Pia mater –

7. Deniculate ligaments –

8. Conus medularis –

9. Filum terminale –

10. Enlargements –

11. Cauda equina –

Cross sectional anatomy

1. Anterior medial fissure –

2. Posterior medial fissure –

3. Central canal –

4. Gray matter –

-a. Gray commissure –

-b. Posterior (dorsal) horn –

4. Gray matter –

-a. Gray commissure –

-b. Posterior (dorsal) horn –

-c. Anterior (ventral) horn –

-d. Lateral horns –

5. Dorsal root –

6. Dorsal root ganglion –

7. Ventral root –

8. Spinal nerve –

9. White columns –

-a. Funiculi –

-b. Tracts –

SPINAL CORD PHYSIOLOGY: SENSORY AND MOTOR TRACTS

Ascending (sensory) pathways

1. Anterior spinothalmic tract –

2. Lateral spinothalmic tract –

3. Posterior columns –

Descending (motor) pathways

1. Direct system –

2. Indirect system –

SPINAL CORD PHYSIOLOGY: REFLEX ACTIVITY

General information

1. Reflex –

2. Reflex arc –

3. Learned reflex –

4. Override –

5. Somatic reflex –

6. Spinal reflex –

7. Autonomic reflex –

Reflex arc

1. Receptor –

2. Sensory neuron –

3. Integration center –

4. Motor neuron –

5. Effector –

Stretch reflex

1. Function –

2. Postural reflex –

3. Patellar (knee jerk) reflex –

4. Monosynaptic –

5. Ipsilateral –

6. Components –

-a. Muscle spindle –

-b. Sensory neuron –

-c. Motor neuron –

7. Reciprocal inhibition –

-a. Antagonistic muscle –

Tendon reflex

1. Function –

2. Examples –

3. Polysynaptic –

4. Components –

-a. Tendon organ –

-b. Sensory neuron –

-c. Interneurons –

-d. Motor neuron –

5. Reciprocal activation –

Flexor (withdraw) reflex

1. Function –

2. Withdraw reflex –

3. Examples –

4. Polysynaptic –

5. Intersegmental –

5. Components –

-a. Nociceptor –

-b. Sensory neuron –

-c. Interneurons –

-d. Motor neuron –

Crossed extensor reflex

1. Ipsilateral withdrawal reflex –

2. Contralateral extensor reflex –

3. Polysynaptic –

4. Components –

-a. Receptor –

-b. Sensory neuron –

-c. Interneurons –

-d. Motor neuron –

Superficial reflexes

1. Stimulation –

2. Clinical uses –

3. Plantar reflex –

4. Babinski’s sign –

5. Abdominal reflexes –

NERVES

Nerve coverings

1. Endoneurium –

2. Perineurium –

-a. Fascicles –

3. Epineurium –

4. Associated structures –

Nerves and associated ganglia: classification

1. Fiber type –

-a. Sensory nerves –

-b. Motor nerves –

-c. Mixed nerves –

2. Origin –

-a. Cranial nerves –

-b. Spinal nerves –

3. Ganglia –

-a. Dorsal root ganglia –

-b. Autonomic ganglia –

SPINAL NERVES

Spinal nerves: general

1. Distribution –

-a. Cervical –

-b. Thoracic nerves –

-c. Lumbar nerves –

-d. Sacral nerves –

-e. Coccygeal nerves –

2. Roots –

-a. Dorsal root –

-b. Ventral root –

3. Rootlets –

4. Spinal nerve –

5. Rami –

-a. Ventral ramus –

-b. Dorsal ramus –

-c. Meningeal branch –

6. Rami communicantes –

7. Nerve plexuses –

-a. Advantage –

Posterior trunk: back

1. Dorsal rami –

Anteriolateral thorax and the abdominal wall

1. Ventral rami –

2. Intercostal nerves –

-a. Intercostal muscles –

-b. Interiolateral thorax –

-c. Abdominal wall –

3. T1 –

4. T12 –

Cervical plexus

1. Ventral rami –

2. Cutaneous nerves –

3. Anterior neck muscles –

4. Phrenic nerve –

Brachial plexus

1. Ventral rami –

2. Upper limb –

3. Branching pattern –

-a. Roots –

-b. Trunks –

-c. Divisions –

-d. Cords –

4. Axillary nerve –

5. Musculocutaneous nerve –

6. Median nerve –

7. Ulnar nerve –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

-c. Funny bone –

8. Radial nerve –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Lumbosacral plexus

1. Lower limbs –

2. Overlapping –

Lumbar plexus

1. Innervates –

2. Ventral rami –

3. Femoral nerve –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

4. Obturator nerve –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Sacral and coccygeal plexuses

1. Innervates –

2. Ventral rami –

3. Sciatic nerve –

4. Tibial nerve –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

5. Common fibular nerve –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

-c. Common peroneal nerves –

6. Superior gluteal nerves –

7. Pudental nerve –

-a. Functions –

Innervation of joints

1. Hilton’s law –

Innervation of skin

1. Dermatomes –

2. Trunk –

3. Upper limbs –

4. Anterior lower limb –

5. Posterior lower limbs –

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

Spinal cord

1. Trauma –

-a. Paralysis –

-b. Paresthesias –

-c. Flaccid paralysis –

-d. Spastic paralysis –

-e. Paraplegia –

-f. Quadriplegia –

2. Poliomyelitis –

3. Amyotorphic lateral sclerosis –