BRAIN ORGANIZATION, PROTECTION, AND NOURISHMENT

Brain regions

1. Cerebral hemisphere –

2. Diencephalon –

3. Brain stem –

4. Cerebellum –

Meninges

1. Meninges (meninx) –

-a. Functions –

2. Dura mater –

-a. Periosteal layer –

-b. Meningeal layer –

-c. Dural sinuses –

-d. Subdural space –

3. Arachnoid mater –

-a. Subarachnoid space –

-b. Arachnoid villi –

4. Pia matter –

5. Dural septa –

-a. Falx cerebri –

-b. Falx cerebelli –

-c. Tentorium cerebelli –

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

1. Functions –

-a. Buoyancy –

-b. Protects –

-c. Nourishment –

2. Choroid plexuses –

3. Central canal –

4. Subarachnoid space –

Blood-brain barrier

1. Blood brain barrier –

2. Capillaries –

3. Tight junctions –

4. Selective barrier –

-a. Facilitated diffusion –

-b. Actively pump –

-c. Exclude –

Ventricles of the brain

1. Lateral ventricles –

-a. Septum pellucidum –

2. Interventricular foramina –

3. Third ventricle –

4. Cerebral aqueduct –

5. Fourth ventricle –

-a. Median aperture –

-b. Lateral apertures –

6. Central canal –

BRAIN: BRAIN STEM

Medulla oblongata

1. Medulla oblongata –

2. Fourth ventricle –

3. Pyramids –

4. Decussation of the pyramids –

5. Olives –

6. Inferior olivary nuclei –

7. Inferior cerebellar peduncles –

8. Nucleus cuneatus –

9. Nucleus gracilis–

10. Cranial nerve nuclei –

11. Visceral motor nuclei –

-a. Cardiovascular center –

-b. Respiratory centers –

-c. Other centers –

Pons

1. Pons –

2. Middle cerebellar peduncles –

3. Pontine nuclei –

4. Respiratory centers –

5. Deep projection fibers –

6. Cranial nerve nuclei –

Midbrain

1. Midbrain –

2. Cerebral peduncles –

3. Superior cerebellar peduncles –

4. Cerebral aqueduct –

5. Corpora quadrigemina –

-a. Superior colliculi –

-b. Inferior colliculi –

6. Substantia nigra –

-a. Dopamine –

-b. Parkinson’s disease –

7. Red nucleus –

8. Cranial nerve nuclei –

Reticular formation

1. Reticular formation –

2. Far flung connections –

3. Function –

4. Reticular activating system (RAS) –

BRAIN: CEREBELLUM

General

1. Location –

2. Function –

Cerebellar anatomy

1. Cerebellar hemispheres –

2. Vermis –

3. Primary fissure –

4. Lobes –

-a. Anterior lobe –

-b. Posterior lobe –

-c. Flocculonodular lobe –

5. Arbor vitae –

6. Cortex –

7. Nuclei –

8. Functions –

-a. Medial portion –

-b. Intermediate portion –

-c. Lateral portions –

-d. Flocculonodular lobe –

Cerebellar peduncles

1. Superior cerebellar peduncles –

-a. Function –

2. Middle cerebellar peduncles –

-a. Function –

3. Inferior cerebellar peduncles –

-a. Function –

Cerebellar processing

1. Input –

-a. Motor association area –

-b. Proprioceptors –

-c. Other information –

2. Integration –

3. Output –

-a. Cerebral motor cortex –

-b. Brain stem nuclei –

4. Cognitive function –

BRAIN: DIENCEPHALON

Thalamus

1. Thalamus –

2. Lateral masses –

3. Intermediate mass –

4. Thalamic nuclei –

-a. Sensory input –

-b. Sorting –

-c. Cerebral cortex –

-d. Hypothalamus –

-e. Motor control –

Hypothalamus

1. Hypothalamus –

2. Mammillary body –

3. Infundibulum –

4. Hypothalamic nuclei –

5. Functions –

-a. Autonomic control –

-b. Emotions –

-c. Drives –

-d. Body temperature –

-e. Food intake –

-f. Water balance –

-g. Sleep-wake cycle –

-h. Endocrine control –

Epithalamus

1. Epithalamus –

2. Pineal gland –

-a. Melatonin –

3. Choroid plexus –

CEREBRUM

General

1. Lobes –

-a. Frontal lobe –

-b. Parietal lobe –

-c. Temporal lobe –

-d. Occipital lobe –

-e. Insula –

2. Fissures –

-a. Longitudinal fissure –

-b. Transverse fissure –

3. Sulci –

-a. Central sulcus –

-b. Parieto-occipital sulcus –

-c. Lateral sulcus –

4. Gyri –

-a. Precentral gyrus –

-b. Postcentral gyrus –

5. Gray matter –

6. White matter –

Cerebral white matter

1. Commissures –

-a. Corpus callosum –

-b. Others –

2. Association fibers –

3. Projection fibers –

-a. Internal capsule –

-b. Corona radiata –

Basal ganglia

1. Basal ganglia –

-a. Caudate nucleus –

-b. Putamen –

-c. Globus pallidus –

-d. Amygdala (amygdaloid nucleus) –

2. Corpus striatum –

4. Connections –

-a. Input –

-b. Output –

5. Functions –

-a. Stereotypical movements –

-b. Inhibition –

-c. Maintenance –

-d. Cognition –

Limbic system

1. Limbic system –

2. Rhinencephalon –

-a. Hippocampus –

-b. Others –

3. Amygdala –

4. Hypothalamus –

5. Thalamus –

6. Fornix –

7. Functions –

-a. Hypothalamus –

-b. Cerebral cortex –

-c. Long term memory –

CEREBRAL CORTEX

Cerebral cortex: general

1. Cerebral cortex –

2. Consciousness –

3. Brodmann system –

4. Domains –

5. Higher mental functions –

6. Opposite sides –

Cerebral cortex: motor areas

1. Primary motor (somatic) cortex –

2. Premotor cortex –

3. Broca’s area –

4. Frontal eye field –

Cerebral cortex: sensory areas

1. Primary somatosensory cortex –

-a. General sensory receptors –

-b. Proprioceptors –

2. Somatosensory association area –

-a. Function –

3. Visual areas –

-a. Primary visual cortex –

-b. Visual association area –

4. Auditory areas –

-a. Primary auditory cortex –

-b. Auditory association area –

5. Olfactory cortex –

-a. Function –

-b. Rhinencephalon –

-b. Primitive vertebrates –

-c. Higher vertebrates –

6. Gustatory cortex –

7. Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex –

Cerebral cortex: association areas

1. Association areas –

2. Prefrontal cortex –

-a. Development –

-b. Limbic system –

3. Language areas –

-a. Wernicke’s area –

-b. Broca’s area –

-c. Affective language area –

4. Visceral association area –

Cerebral cortex: lateralization function

1. Cerebral dominance –

2. Handedness –

2. Left brain –

3. Right brain –

4. Cooperation –

Brain wave pattern

1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) –

2. Brain waves –

-a. Alpha waves –

-b. Beta waves –

-c. Theta waves –

-d. Delta waves –

3. Abnormal electrical activity –

-a. Epileptic seizures –

-b. Petit mal –

-c, Temporal lobe epilepsy –

-d. Grand mal –

CRANIAL NERVES

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

Optic nerve (CN II)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Facial nerve (CN VII)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Vagus nerve (CN X)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

1. Origin –

2. Course –

3. Function –

-a. Motor –

-b. Sensory –

General information

1. Cranial sensory ganglia –

2. Motor neuron cell bodies –

3. Proprioception –

4. Autonomic functions –

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Embryonic development

1. Neural tube development –

-a. Neural plate –

-b. Neural folds –

-c. Neural groove –

-d. Neural tube –

-e. Neural crest –

2. Primary brain vesicles –

-a. Proencephalon (forebrain) –

-b. Mesencephalon (midbrain) –

-c. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) –

3. Secondary brain vesicles –

-a. Telencephalon –

-b. Diencephalon –

-c. Mesencephalon –

-d. Metencephalon –

-e. Myelencephalon –

4. Spinal cord –

5. Posterior rotation –

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

Brain

1. Trauma –

-a. Concussion –

-b. Contusion –

-c. Hemorrhage –

-d. Cerebral edema –

2. Cerebrovascular accident –

3. Degenerative brain diseases –

-a. Alzheimer’s disease –

-b. Parkinsons disease –

-c. Huntington’s disease –

4. Meningitis –

5. Encephalitis –

6. Hydrocephalus –