SENSATION

General

1. Sensation –

2. Perception –

Sensory modalities

1. Sensory modality –

2. General senses –

-a. Somatic senses –

-b. Visceral senses –

3. Special senses –

Process of Sensation

1. Receptor stimulation –

2. Signal transduction –

-a. Generator potential –

-b. Receptor potential –

3. Impulse generation –

-a. Action potential –

-b. First order neuron –

4. Sensory input integration –

Sensory receptors

1. Location

-a. Exteroceptors –

-b. Interoceptors –

-c. Proprioceptors –

2. Stimulus detected

-a. Mechanoreceptors –

-b. Thermoreceptors –

-c. Photoreceptors –

-d. Chemoreceptors –

-e. Nociceptors –

3. Structural complexity

-a. Separate cells –

-b. Free nerve endings –

-c. Encapsulated nerve endings –

Free nerve endings

1. Free dendritic endings –

2. Merkel cells –

3. Root hair plexus –

Encapsulated receptors

1. Meissner’s corpuscles –

-a. Description –

-b. Location –

-c. Function –

2. Krause’s end bulbs –

-a. Location –

-b. Function –

3. Pacinian corpuscles –

-a. Location –

-b. Function –

4. Ruffini’s corpuscles –

-a. Location –

-b. Function –

5. Muscle spindles –

-a. Function –

6. Tendon organ –

-a. Function –

7. Joint kinesthetic receptor –

-a. Description –

Adaptation

1. Adaptation –

2. Rapid adapting receptors –

3. Slowly adapting receptors –

Pain

1. Fast pain –

-a. Superficial somatic pain –

2. Slow pain –

-b. Deep somatic pain –

3. Visceral pain –

-a. Referred pain –

CEREBRAL CORTEX

General

1. Primary soatosensory area –

2. Primary motor area –

SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAYS

General

1. First order neuron –

2. Second order neuron –

3. Third order neuron –

Posterior column – medial lemniscus pathway

1. Posterior (dorsal) column –

2. Medullary nuclei –

-a. Gracile nucleus –

-b. Cuneate nucleus –

3. Medial lemiscus –

4. Thalamus –

5. Sensations –

-a. Fine touch –

-b. Stereognosis –

-c. Propriocepion –

-d. Vibration –

Anteriolateral (spinothalmic) pathway

1. First order neuron –

2. Second order neuron –

3. Third order neurons –

4. Sensations –

Spinocerebellar pathways

1. First order sensory –

2. Second order sensory –

3. Cerebellum –

SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS

General

1. Lower motor neurons –

2. Somatic motor pathways –

-a. Local circuit neurons –

-b. Upper motor neurons –

-c. Basal ganglia neurons –

-d. Cerebellar neurons –

Direct motor pathways

1. Voluntary movement –

2. Pyrimadal pathway –

3. Upper motor neurons –

4. Tracts –

-a. Lateral coricospinal tracts –

-b. Anterior corticospinal tracts –

-c. Corticobulbar tract –

Indirect motor pathways

1. Extrapyramidal pathways –

2. Complexity –

Basal ganglia

1. Feedback circuit –

2. Movement –

3. Unwanted movements –

4. Other functions –

5. Parkinson disease –

6. Huntington disease –

Cerebellum

1. Skilled movements –

2. Posture –

3. Equilibrium –

4. Ataxia –

5. Intention tremor –

INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRUM

Sleep: patterns

1. Circadian rhythm –

2. Hypothalamus –

3. Reticular activating system –

-a. Sleep –

-b. REM –

-c. Arousal –

Sleep: stages

1. Sleep –

2. NREM Stages –

-a. Stage 1 –

-b. Stage 2 –

-c. Stage 3 –

-d. Stage 4 –

3. REM –

Sleep: patterns

1. Sleep pattern –

-a. NREM –

-b. REM –

2. Importance –

-a. Slow wave sleep –

-b. REM sleep –

Learning and Memory

1. Learning –

2. Memory –

3. Immediate memory –

4. Short term memory –

5. Long term memory –

6. Memory consolidation –

5. Mechanisms –

-a. Long-term potentiation –

-b. NMDA receptors –