CHEMICAL SENSES

Smell: olfactory epithelium

1. Location -

2. Supporting cells -

3. Basal cells -

4. Olfactory receptor -

5. Olfactory hairs (cilia) -

6. Specificity -

Smell: physiology

1. Smell transduction

-a. Olfactory hair -

-b. G protein -

-c. Adenylate cyclase -

-d. cAMP -

-e. Na influx -

2, Olfactory pathway

-a. Olfactory nerve (CN I) -

-b. Olfactory bulb -

-c. Mitral cells -

-d. Glomeruli -

-e. Olfactory tract -

-f. Olfactory cortex -

-g. Subcortical structures -

Smell: homeostatic imbalances

1. Anosmias -

2. Uncinate fits -

Taste: taste buds

1. Tongue -

2. Papillae -

-a. Filiform -

-b. Fungiform -

-c. Circumvallate -

3. Taste bud structure

-a. Supporting cells -

-b. Receptor cells -

-c. Basal cells -

4. Basic taste sensation -

-a. Sour -

-b. Sweet -

-c. Bitter -

-d. Salty –

-e. Umami –

5. Locations

-a. Anterior tongue -

-b. Posterior tongue -

-c. Lateral tongue -

Taste: physiology

1. Saliva -

2. Gustatory hairs -

3. Synaptic vesicles -

4. Taste transduction

-a. Ion channels -

-b. G protein linked -

5. Cranial nerves

-a. Facial nerve (CN VII) -

-b. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) -

-c. Vagus nerve (CNX) -

6. Central nervous system

-a. Solitary nucleus -

-b. Thalamus -

-c. Gustatory cortex -

-d. Limbic system -

-e. Parasympathetic reflexes –

7. Other influences

-a. Smell -

-b. Other receptors -

EYE AND VISION

Eye: accessory structures

1. Eyebrows -

2. Palpebrae -

-a. Palpebral fissure -

-b. Commissures (canthi) -

-c. Caruncle -

-d. Tarsal plates -

-e. Eyelashes -

-f. Meibonian (tarsal) gland -

-g. Ciliary glands -

3. Conjunctiva -

-a. Palpebral conjunctiva -

-b. Bulbar (ocular) conjunctiva -

-c. Conjunctival sac -

4. Lacrimal apparatus

-a. Lacrimal gland -

-b. Lacrimal canal -

-c. Lacrimal sac -

-d. Nasolacrimal duct -

-e. Lacrimal secretions -

Eye: extrinsic eye muscles

1. Extrinsic eye muscles -

2. Rectus muscles -

-a. Medial rectus -

-b. Superior rectus -

-c. Lateral rectus -

-d. Inferior rectus -

3. Oblique muscles -

-a. Superior oblique -

-b. Trochlea -

-c. Inferior oblique -

4. Neural control

-a. Oculomotor nerve (CN III) -

-b. Trochlear nerve (CN IV) -

-c. Abducens nerve (CN VI) -

Eye: tunics

1. Fibrous tunic -

2. Vascular tunic (uvea) -

3. Sensory tunic -

Eye: fibrous tunic

1. Sclera -

2. Cornea -

-a. Anterior surface -

-b. Posterior surface -

Eye: vascular tunic (uvea)

1. Choroid -

-a. Vascular supply -

-b. Brown pigment -

2. Ciliary body -

-a. Ciliary muscles -

-b. Ciliary processes -

-c. Suspensory ligaments -

3. Iris -

-a. Pupil -

Eye: sensory tunic (retina)

1. Pigmented layer -

-a. Function -

2. Neural layer -

3. Retinal cells

-a. Ganglionic cells -

-b. Bipolar cells -

-c. Photoreceptors -

4. Macula lutea -

-a. Fovea centralis -

5. Optic disc -

-a. Blind spot -

5. Fundus -

6. Blood supply -

Eye: internal chambers and fluids

1. Posterior segment -

-a. Vitreous humor -

2. Anterior segment -

-a. Anterior chamber -

-b. Posterior chamber -

-c. Aqueous humor -

-d. Ciliary body -

-e. Circulation -

-f. Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) -

-g. Glaucoma -

Eye: lens

1. Lens -

2. Lens epithelium -

3. Lens fibers -

4. Crystallins -

5. Aging -

6. Cataracts -

Vision: light and optics

1. Wavelength -

2. Visible light -

3. Cones -

4. Refraction -

5. Lens -

-a. Convex lenses -

Vision: focusing

1. Refraction -

2. Distant vision -

-a. Cornea -

-b. Ciliary muscles -

-c. Suspensory ligaments -

-d. Lens -

3. Close vision -

4. Accommodation -

-a. Ciliary muscles -

-b. Lens -

5. Pupils -

6. Convergence -

7. Homeostatic imbalances

-a. Myopia -

-b. Hyperopia -

-c. Astigmatism -

Vision: functional anatomy of photoreceptors

1. Outer segment -

-a. Disc -

-b. Renewal -

-c. Stalk -

2. Inner segment -

3. Inner fiber -

Vision: chemistry of visual pigments

1. Retinal -

-a. 11-cis isomer -

-b. all-trans isomer -

2. Opsin -

Vision: stimulation of photoreceptors

1. Rods

-a. Rhodopsin -

-b. Light reaction -

-c. Dark reaction -

2. Cones

-a. Opsin -

-b. Retinal -

3. Color blindness -

Vision: light transduction in photoreceptors

1. Dark

-a. Cyclic GMP -

-b. Transmembrane potential -

-c. Neurotransmitters -

2. Light

-a. Free opsin -

-b. Transducin -

-c. Phosphodiesterase -

-d. Sodium channels -

-e. Hyperpolarization -

-f. Neurotransmitters -

-g. Graded potentials -

Vision: light and dark adaptation

1. Light adaptation -

2. Dark adaptation -

3. Nyctalopia (night blindness) -

Vision: visual pathway

1. Optic nerve (CN II) -

2. Optic chiasma -

3. Optic tracts -

4. Lateral geniculate body -

5. Optic radiations -

6. Primary visual cortex -

7. Other connections

-a. Superior colliculi –

-b. Pretectal nucleus –

-c. Suprachiasmatic nucleus –

Vision: stereoscopic vision

1. Stereoscopic vision -

2. Depth perception -

Vision: retinal processing

1. Retinal processing -

3. Photoreceptor -

4. Bipolar cells -

-a. Cones -

-b. Rods -

5. Amacrine cells -

6. Horizontal cells -

Vision: other levels of processing

1. Thalamic processing -

-a. Lateral geniculate nucleus -

-b. High visual color vision -

2. Cortical processing -

-a. Primary visual (striate) cortex -

-b. Prestriate cortices -

THE EAR: HEARING AND BALANCE

Ear anatomy: outer (external) ear

1. Auricle (pinna) -

2. External auditory canal (meatus) -

3. Ceruminous glands -

4. Tympanic membrane -

Ear anatomy: middle ear (tympanic cavity)

1. Oval window -

2. Round window -

3. Mastoid antrum -

4. Pharyngotympanic tube -

5. Ossicles -

-a. Malleus (hammer) -

-b. Incus (anvil) -

-c. Stapes (stirrup) -

6. Tensor tympani -

7. Stapedius muscle -

Ear anatomy: inner (internal) ear (labyrinth)

1. Bony (osseous) labyrinth -

2. Membranous labyrinth -

3. Fluids -

-a. Perilymph -

-b. Endolymph -

4. Vestibule -

-a. Saccule -

-b. Utricle -

-c. Maculae -

5. Semicircular canals -

-a. Semicircular ducts -

-b. Ampulla -

-c. Crista ampullaris -

6. Cochleae -

-a. Modiolus -

-b. Cochlear duct -

-c. Organ of Corti -

-d. Scales -

-e. Scala vestibuli -

-f. Scala media -

-g. Scala tympani -

-h. Helicotrema -

-i. Vestibular membrane -

-j. Basilar membrane –

-k. Tectorial membrane –

Hearing: properties of sound

1. Sound -

-a. Sine Wave -

2. Wavelength -

3. Frequency -

4. Hertz (Hz) -

-a. Range -

5. Amplitude -

6. Decibels -

Hearing: transmission of sound

1. Tympanic membrane -

2. Ossicles - -

3. Amplification -

4. Oval window -

5. Round window -

6. Vestibular membrane -

7. Endolymph -

8. Basilar membrane -

-a. Fibers -

-b. High frequencies -

-c. Low frequencies -

-d. Differential stimulation -

Hearing: hair cell excitation

1. Organ of Corti -

2. Cochlear hair cells -

3. Inner hair cells -

4. Outer hair cells -

-a. Efferent fibers -

5. Stereocilia -

-a. Tip-links -

6. Tectorial membrane -

7. Transduction -

-a. Cation channels -

8. Cochlear nerve -

9. Intensity -

Hearing: auditory pathways

1. Spiral ganglion -

-a. Bipolar -

2. Cochlear nerve -

3. Cochlear nucleus -

4. Superior olivary nucleus -

-a. Lateral lemniscal tract -

5. Inferior colliculus -

6. Medial geniculate body -

7. Auditory cortex -

Hearing: auditory processing

1. Pitch -

2. Loudness -

3. Localization -

Hearing: homeostatic imbalances

1. Conduction deafness -

-a. Causes -

2. Sensorineural deafness -

-a. Causes -

3. Tinnitus -

-a. Causes -

4. Meniere’s syndrome -

-a. Symptoms -

-b. Causes -

Static equilibrium: maculae

1. Static equilibrium -

2. Maculae -

3. Supporting cells -

4. Hair cells -

-a. Stereocilia -

-b. Kinocilium -

5. Otolithic membrane -

-a. Otoliths -

6. Utricle maculae -

7. Saccule maculae -

8. Vestibular nerve -

10. Vestibular ganglia -

11. Transduction -

-a. Neurotransmitters -

-b. Linear movements -

-c. Otolithic membrane -

-d. Depolarization -

-e. Hyperpolarization -

-f. Brain -

Dynamic equilibrium

1. Dynamic equilibrium -

2. Macula -

3. Crista ampullaris -

Crista ampullaris

1. Supporting cells -

2. Hair cells -

3. Cupula -

4. Vestibular nerve fibers -

5. Transduction -

-a. Endolymph -

-b. Hair cells -

-c. Depolarization -

-d. Hyperpolarization -

6. Equilibrium pathway -

-a. Vestibular nuclear complex -

-b. Cerebellum -