OVERVIEW

Nervous system versus endocrine system

1. Homeostasis –

2. Nervous system –

-a. Neurotransmitter –

-b. Synapse –

-c. Action –

-d. Target cells –

3. Endocrine system –

-a. Hormone –

-b. Action –

-c. Target cells –

Endocrine versus exocrine

1. Endocrine gland –

2. Exocrine gland –

-a. Organs –

-b. Tissue –

3. Endocrinology –

HORMONES

General

1. Hormone –

2. Circulating hormones –

3. Local hormones –

-a. Autocrine –

-b. Paracrine –

The chemistry of hormones

1. Water soluble hormones –

2. Lipid soluble hormones –

Secondary messenger systems (water based hormones)

1. Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism

-a. Hormone (amino acid based) –

-b. G protein –

-c. Adenylate cyclase –

-d. Cyclic AMP –

-e. Protein kinase –

-f. Amplification –

2. PIP calcium signaling mechanism

-a. Hormone (amino acid based) –

-b. G protein –

-c. Phospholipase –

-d. PIP₂ –

-e. Diacylglycerol –

-f. IP₃ –

-g. Ca²⁺ -

Lipid soluble hormones

1. Lipid soluble –

2. Nuclear receptor –

3. Hormone-receptor complex –

4. Specific chromatin protein –

5. Transcription –

6. Chaperonin –

Target cell specificity

1. Target cell –

2. Receptor –

3. Up-regulation –

4. Down-regulation –

Hormone concentration

1. Concentration –

2. Inactivation –

3. Half life –

Hormone release

1. Negative feedback mechanism –

2. Endocrine gland stimuli

-a. Humoral stimuli –

-b. Neural stimuli –

-c. Hormonal stimuli –

3. Neural modulation –

PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)

Pituitary gland

1. Location –

2. Infundibulum –

3. Posterior lobe –

4. Neurohypophysis –

5. Adenohypophysis –

6. Hypophyseal portal system –

7. Master gland –

8. Hypothalamus –

Adenohypophyseal hormones

1. Tropic hormones (tropins) –

2. Growth hormone –

-a. Insulin-like growth factor –

-b. Diabetogenic effect –

-c. Gigantism –

-d. Acromegaly –

-e. Pituitary dwarfism –

-f. Progeria –

3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone –

-a. Corticotropin (ACTH) –

-b. Adrenal cortex hormones –

4. Thyroid stimulating hormone –

-a. Thyrotropin (TSH) –

5. Gonadotropins –

6. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) –

-a. Females –

-b. Males –

7. Luteinizing hormone (LH) –

-a. Females –

-b. Males –

8. Prolactin –

9. Chemical nature –

10. Other hormones –

Posterior pituitary and hypothalamic hormones

1. Oxytocin –

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) –

-a. Vasopressin –

-b. Diabetes insipidus –

3. Chemical nature –

THYROID GLAND

Thyroid gland

1. Location –

2. Structure –

3. Follicles –

4. Follicular cells –

5. Thyroglobin –

6. Parafollicular cells –

-a. Calcitonin –

Thyroid hormone

1. Thyroid hormone –

-a. Thyroxine (T₄) –

-b. Triiodothryronine (T₃) –

2. Target organs –

3. Calorigenic effect –

4. Other effects –

5. Thyroglobin –

6. Thyroxine binding protein –

7. Myxedema –

8. Endemic goiter –

9. Cretinism –

10. Graves disease –

-a. Autoimmune –

-b. Treatment –

Calcitonin

1. Parafollicular cell (C cells) –

2. Bone sparing –

3. Antagonistic –

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Parathyroid glands

1. Location –

2. Structure –

-a. Chief cells –

-b. Oxyphil cells –

Parathyroid hormone

1. Parathormone (PTH) –

2. Chemical nature –

3. Target organs –

-a. Bone –

-b. Kidneys –

-c. Intestine –

4. Calcitrol –

ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLAND

Adrenal gland

1. Cortex –

-a. Zona glomeulosa –

-b. Zona fasciculata –

-c. Zona reticularis –

2. Medulla –

-a. Chromaffin cells –

Cortical hormones

1. Mineralocorticoids –

-a. Aldosterone –

-b. Renin-angiotensin –

-c. Electrolytes –

2. Glucocorticoids –

-a. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) –

-b. Stress –

-c. Anti-immune effect –

-d. Anti-inflammatory effect –

-e. ACTH –

3. Gonadocorticoids –

-a. Androgens –

4. Cushing’s syndrome –

-a. Hyperglycemia –

-b. Protein –

-c. Buffalo hump –

-d. Infection –

-e. Treatment –

5. Addison’s disease –

-a. Symptoms –

-b. Treatment –

Medullary hormones

1. Catecholamine –

2. Epinephrine –

-a. Clinical use –

3. Norepinephrine –

4. Stress –

PANCREAS

Pancreas

1. Location –

2. Shape –

3. Acinar cells –

4. Islets –

-a. Alpha cells –

-b. Beta cells –

Pancreatic hormones

1. Glucagon –

-a. Glycogenlysis –

-b. Gluconeogenesis –

-c. Liver cells –

-d. Negative feedback –

2. Insulin –

-a. Glucose uptake –

-b. Enzymatic activity –

-c. Negative feedback –

3. Other hormones –

Diabetes Mellitus

1. Diabetes mellitus –

2. Glycosuria –

3. Ketone acidosis –

-a. Electrolyte imbalance –

-b. Nervous system depression –

4. Three cardinal signs

-a. Polyuria –

-b. Polydipsia –

-c. Polyphagia –

5. Type I diabetes mellitus (juvenile) –

-a. Autoimmune –

-b. Vascular complications –

-c. Neural complications –

-d. Insulin –

6. Type II diabetes mellitus (adult onset) –

-a. Insulin resistance –

-b. Obesity –

-c. Treatment –

7. Hyperinsulinemia –

-a. Symptoms –

-b. Treatment –

OTHER ENDOCRINE ORGANS/STRUCTURES

Gonads

1. Ovaries –

-a. Estrogen –

-b. Progesterone –

2. Testes –

-a. Testosterone –

Pineal

1. General –

2. Melatonin –

3. Diurnal cycle –

4. Light –

5. Animals –

6. Children –

7. Biological clock –

Thymus

1. General –

2. Thymosin –

Other hormone producing structures

1. Atria –

2. Gastrointestinal tract –

3. Kidneys –

4. Placenta –

5. Skin –