Heart

1. Size –

2. Location –

3. Apex –

4. Base –

Pericardium

1. Pericardium -

2. Fibrous pericardium –

3. Serous pericardium –

-a. Parietal layer –

-b. Visceral layer –

-c. Pericardial cavity –

Heart Layers

1. Epicardium –

2. Myocardium –

3. Endocardium –

Chambers and vessels

1. Right atrium –

-a. Vena cava –

2. Right ventricle –

-a. Pulmonary trunk –

3. Left atrium –

-a. Pulmonary veins –

4. Left ventricle –

-a. Aorta –

5. Septum –

Grooves

1. Atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) –

2. Interventricular sulci –

Atria

1. Atria –

2. Auricles –

3. Pectinate muscles –

4. Fossa ovalis –

Ventricles

1. Ventricles –

2. Trabeculae carneae –

3. Papillary muscles –

4. Cordae tendinae –

Pathway of blood

1. Pathway –

2. Pulmonary circuit –

-a. Right atrium –

-b. Right ventricle –

-c. Pulmonary trunk (arteries) –

-d. Pulmonary veins –

3. Systemic circuit –

-a. Left atrium –

-b. Left ventricle –

c. Aorta –

d. Capillary beds –

Arterial supply (coronary circulation)

1. Left coronary artery –

2. Right coronary artery –

3. Anterior interventricular artery –

4. Circumflex artery –

5. Posterior interventricular artery –

6. Marginal artery –

Venous drainage (coronary circulation)

1. Coronary sinus –

2. Great cardiac vein –

3. Middle cardiac vein –

4. Small cardiac vein –

Pathology in coronary circulation

1. Angina pectoris -

2. Myocardial infarction –

Atrioventricular valves –

1. Tricuspid valve –

2. Bicuspid (Mitral) valve –s

Semilunar valves –

1. Aortic semilunar valve –

2. Pulmonary semilunar valve –

Valve pathology

1. Incompetent valve –

2. Valvular stenosis –

3. Valve replacement –

Cardiac muscle cells

1. Striated –

2. Shape –

3. Nucleus –

4. Intercalating disc –

5. Gap junctions –

6. Desmosomes –

7. T tubules –

8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum –

9. Mitochondria –

Energy requirements

1. Aerobic respiration –

2. Mitochondria –

3. Fuels –

Myocardium Depolarization

1. Rising phase

-a. Stimulation –

-b. Sodium channels –

-c. Peak –

-d. Slow calcium channels –

-e. Sarcoplasmic reticulum –

2. Plateau

- a. Slow calcium channels –

- b. Potassium channels –

3. Repolarization

- a. Calcium channels –

- b. Potassium channels –

Myocardial Contraction

1. Calcium –

2. Contraction duration –

3. Absolute refactory period –

-a. Skeletal –

-b. Cardiac –

4. Summation –

Autorhythmic cell depolarization

1. Pacemaker potential –

2. Fast calcium channels –

3. Repolarization –

Sequence of autorhythmic cell excitation

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node –

2. Atrioventricular (AV) node –

3. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (of His) –

4. Bundle branches –

5. Purkinje fibers –

Heart rhythm pathologies

1. Arrhythmias –

2. Fibrillation –

Electrocardiogram

1. P wave –

2. QRS wave –

3. T wave –

4. P-Q interval –

5. Q-T interval –

Cardiac Cycle

1. Ventricular filling –

-a. Quiescent period –

-b. Atrial systole –

2. Ventricular systole –

-a. Isovolumetric contraction –

-b. Ventricular ejection –

3. Isovolumetric relaxation –

Cardiac volume changes

1. End systolic volume –

2. End diastolic volume –

3. Stroke volume –

Heart sounds –

1. AV valves –

2. Semilunar valves –

Heart rate

1. Newborns –

2. Adults –

3. Tachycardia –

4. Bradycardia –

Cardiac output

1. Cardiac output –

2. Stroke volume –

3. Heart rate –

4. Cardiac reserve –

-a. Non athletes –

-b. Athletes –

Stroke volume regulation

1. Preload –

2. Contractility –

3. Afterload –

Influences on heart rate

1. Sympathetic –

-a. Cardioacceleratory center –

2. Parasympathetic – decreases heart rate

-a. Cardioinhibitory center –

-b. Vagal tone –

4. Baroreceptors –

5. Hormones –

6. Electrolytes imbalances –

Congestive Heart Failure

1. Congestive heart failure –

2. Pulmonary edema –

3. Peripheral edema –