BLOOD VESSEL PHYSIOLOGY

Blood vessel

1. Length –

2. Arteries –

3. Veins –

Blood vessel wall

1. Tunica intima –

2. Tunica media –

3. Tunica adventitia –

-a. Vasa vasorum –

Arteries

1. Elastic (conducting) –

2. Muscular (distributing) –

3. Arterioles –

Capillaries

1. Thin walled –

2. Size –

3. Supply –

Capillary types

1. Continuous –

2. Fenestrated –

3. Sinusoidal –

Capillary bed

1. Capillary bed –

2. Metarteriole –

3. Precapillary sphincter –

4. Thoroughfare channel –

Venous system

1. Venules –

2. Capacitance vessels –

3. Venous valves –

4. Varicose veins –

Vascular anastomoses

1. Arterial anastomoses –

2. Arteriovenous anastomoses –

3. Venous anastomoses –

BLOOD VESSEL PHYSIOLOGY

Blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance

1. Blood flow –

2. Blood pressure –

3. Resistance –

-a. Blood viscosity –

-b. Vessel length –

-c. Vessel diameter –

-d. F r⁴ –

4. F=ΔP/R –

Systemic blood pressure

1. Pressure gradient –

2. Aorta –

3. Right atrium –

4. Arterioles –

Arterial blood pressure

1. Systolic –

2. Diastolic –

3. Pulse pressure –

4. Mean arterial pressure –

-a. MAP =

Capillary blood pressure

1. Lowered pressure –

2. Fragile –

3. Fluid exchange –

Venous blood pressure

1. Constancy –

2. Respiratory pump –

3. Muscular pump –

Neural control of blood pressure (short term)

1. Vasomotor center –

2. Baroreceptor –

4. Chemoreceptor –

5. Higher brain centers –

Chemical control of blood pressure (short term)

1. Hormones –

-a. Adrenal medulla hormones –

-b. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) –

-c. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) –

2. Histamine –

3. Endothelial cells –

Renal control of blood pressure (long term)

1. Direct effect –

-a. High blood volume –

-b. Low blood volume –

2. Indirect effect –

-a. Renin –

-b. Angiotensin II –

-c. Aldosterone –

-d. Antidiuretic hormone –

Taking a pulse

1. Pulse –

2. Radial pulse –

3. Arterial pulse points –

Monitoring blood pressure

1. Blood pressure cuff –

2. Sounds of Korotkoff –

3. Systolic pressure –

4. Diastolic pressure –

Blood pressure alterations

1. Orthostatic hypotension –

2. Hypertension –

3. Primary (essential) hypertension –

4. Secondary hypertension –

Velocity of blood flow

1. Velocity –

2. Cross sectional area –

-a. Aorta –

-b. Capillaries –

-c. Vena cavae –

Autoregulation: local regulation of blood flow

1. Autoregulation –

2. Metabolic control –

3. Myogenic control –

4. Long term autoregulation –

Blood flow in special areas

1. Skeletal muscle –

2. Brain –

3. Skin –

4. Lungs –

5. Heart –

6. Intestine –

Capillary exchange of nutrients and gases

1. Diffusion –

-a. Water soluble –

-b. Lipid soluble –

2. Larger molecules –

Fluid movements in capillary beds

1. Hydrostatic pressure –

-a. Capillary (BHP) –

-b. Interstitial fluid (IFHP) –

2. Osmotic pressure –

-a. Capillary (BCOP) –

-b. Interstitial fluid (IFOP) –

3. Net Filtration Pressure –

4. Arterial end –

5. Venous end –

Circulatory Shock

1. Circulatory shock –

2. Hypovolemic –

3. Vascular shock –

-a. Anaphylaxis –

-b. Neurogenic shock –

-c. Septic shock –

4. Cardiogenic shock –

BLOOD VESSELS

Pulmonary and systemic circulation

1. Pulmonary circulation –

-a. Pulmonary trunk –

-b. Pulmonary arteries –

-c. Pulmonary veins –

2. Systemic circulation –

The aorta and major arteries

1. Ascending aorta –

-a. Coronary arteries –

2. Aortic arch –

-a. Brachiocephalic artery –

-b. Left common carotid artery –

-c. Left subclavian artery –

3. Thoracic (descending) aorta –

4. Abdominal aorta

-a. Common iliac arteries –

Arteries of the head and neck

1. Common carotid artery –

-a. External carotid artery –

-b. Internal carotid artery –

2. Anterior cerebral artery –

3. Middle cerebral artery –

4. Posterior cerebral artery –

5. Posterior cerebral artery –

6. Circle of Willis

-a. Anterior communicating artery –

-b. Posterior communicating artery –

7. Vertebral artery –

8. Basilar artery –

9. Subclavian –

Arteries of the upper limb

1. Axillary artery –

2. Brachial artery –

-a. Deep brachial artery –

3. Radial artery –

4. Ulnar artery –

5. Palmar arches –

6. Metacarpal arteries –

7. Digital arteries –

Arteries of the thorax

1. Anterior intercostal arteries –

2. Posterior intercostal arteries –

3. Thoracic aorta –

Arteries of the abdomen

1. Celiac trunk –

-a. Common hepatic artery –

-b. Left gastric artery –

-c. Splenic artery –

2. Superior mesenteric artery –

3. Suprarenal arteries –

4. Renal arteries –

5. Gonadal arteries –

6. Inferior mesenteric artery –

7. Common iliac arteries –

Arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs

1. Common iliac artery –

2. Internal iliac artery –

3. External iliac artery –

4. Femoral artery –

5. Popliteal artery –

6. Anterior tibial artery –

7. Dorsalis pedis artery –

8. Posterior tibial artery –

9. Plantar arch –

Vena cavae and the major veins of the systemic circulation

1. Superior vena cava –

2. Brachiocephalic veins –

3. Internal jugular vein –

4. Subclavian vein –

5. Inferior vena cava –

6. Common iliac veins –

Veins of the head and neck

1. External jugular vein –

2. Vertebral vein –

3. Internal jugular vein –

4. Superior sagittal sinus –

5. Inferior sagittal sinuses –

6. Straight sinus –

7. Transverse sinuses –

8. Sigmoid sinuses –

Veins of the upper limbs

1. Deep veins –

-a. Palmar venous arches –

-b. Radial vein –

-c. Ulnar vein –

-d. Brachial vein –

-e. Axillary vein –

-f. Subclavian vein –

2. Superficial veins –

-a. Dorsal venous arch –

-b. Cephalic vein –

-c. Basilic vein –

-d. Median cubital vein –

-e. Median vein –

Veins of the thorax

1. Azygos system –

-a. Azygos vein –

-b. Hemiazygos vein –

Veins of the abdomen

1. Gonadal –

2. Renal veins –

3. Suprarenal veins –

4. Hepatic portal vein –

-a. Superior mesenteric vein –

-b. Spleenic vein –

-c. Inferior mesenteric vein –

6. Hepatic veins –

Veins of the pelvis and lower limbs

1. Common iliac vein –

1. Internal iliac vein –

2. External iliac vein –

3. Femoral vein –

4. Popliteal vein –

5. Anterior tibial vein –

6. Dorsalis pedis vein –

7. Posterior tibial vein –

8. Plantar arch –

9. Greater saphenous veins –