Lymphatic system

1. Lymphatics (lymphatic vessels) -

2. Lymph –

Lymphatic capillaries

1. Distribution -

2. Blind ended –

3. Minivalves –

4. Filament anchors –

5. Lacteals –

Lymphatic collection vessels

1. Layers -

2. Location –

Lymphatic trunks

1. Lymphatic trunks –

1. Lumbar trunk -

2. Bronchomediastinal trunk –

3. Subclavian trunk –

4. Jugular trunk –

5. Intestinal trunk –

Lyphatic ducts

1. Lymphatic ducts –

2. Right lymphatic duct -

3. Thoracic duct –

-a. Cisterna chyli –

Lymph transport

1. Respiratory pump -

2. Skeletal muscle pump -

3. Arterial pulsation –

4. Valves –

5. Smooth muscle –

Lymphoid cells

1. Lymphocytes -

2. Macrophage –

3. Dendritic cells -

3. Reticular cells –

Lymphoid tissue

1. Reticular connective tissue -

2. Diffuse connective tissue –

3. Lymphatic follicles –

-a. Germinal center –

Lymphatic organ

1. Fibrous capsule –

Lymph node

1. Number -

2. Location -

3. Functions –

-a. Lymph filters –

-b. Immunology –

4. Size/shape –

5. Capsule –

6. Trabeculae –

7. Cortex –

-a. Lymphatic follicles –

-b. Germinal center –

-c. Dendritic cells –

-d. T cells –

8. Medulla –

-a. Medullary cords –

-b. Medullary sinuses –

9. Subcapsular sinuses –

10. Hilus –

11. Afferent lymphatic vessels –

12. Efferent lymphatic vessels –

13. Pathologies

-a. Bubo –

-b. Secondary cancer site –

Spleen

1. Appearance –

2. Location –

3. Function –

-a. Erythrocyte breakdown –

-b. Immunology –

-c. Other functions –

4. Hilus –

5. Capsule –

6. Trabeculae –

7. White pulp –

8. Red pulp –

-a. Venous sinuses –

-b. Splenic cords –

9. Splenectomy –

Thymus

1. Location –

2. Structure –

3. Age –

4. Function –

5. Thymic lobules –

-a. Cortex –

-b. Medulla –

6. Thymocyte –

-a. Stoma –

-b. Blood-thymus barrier –

-c. Thymosin –

Tonsils

1. Location

-a. Palatine tonsils –

-b. Lingual tonsils –

-c. Pharyngeal tonsils –

2. Function –

3. Follicles –

4. Crypts –

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

1. Tonsils –

2. Peyer’s patches –

3. Appendix –

4. Bronchi –

5. Function -

INNATE BODY DEFENSES

Epidermis

1. Mechanical barrier –

2. Acid mantle –

3. Keratin –

Mucosa

1. Mechanical barrier –

2. Mucus –

3. Nasal hairs –

4. Cilia –

5. Gastric juices –

6. Vaginal acid mantle –

7. Lacrimal secretions –

8. Saliva –

9. Urine –

Phagocytes

1. Phagocytosis –

-a. Phagosome -

-b. Lysosomes -

2. Macrophages –

-a. Kupffer cells –

-b. Nitric oxide –

3. Neutrophils –

-a. Defensins –

-b. Bleach –

4. Capsule –

5. Opsonization –

Natural killer cells

1. Function –

2. Lymphocytes –

3. Nonspecific –

4. Mode of killing –

Inflammation

1. Causes –

2. Purpose –

3. Five cardinal signs of inflammation

-a. Redness –

-b. Heat –

-c. Swelling –

-d. Pain –

-e. Loss of function –

4. Vasodilation –

5. Vascular permeability –

-a. Chemical alarm –

-b. Hyperemia –

-c. Exudate –

6. Phagocyte mobilization –

-a. Margination –

-b. Diapedesis –

-c. Chemotaxis -

7. Neutrophils –

8. Macrophages –

9. Chemicals –

-a. Histamine –

-b. Prostaglandins –

-c. Kinins –

Complement component

1. Complement system –

2. Classic pathway –

3. Alternative pathway –

4. Common terminal pathway –

-a. Cell lysis –

-b. Opsonization –

-c. Inflammation –

Interferon

1. Viral infected cells –

2. Neighboring cells –

3. Natural killer cells –

Fever

1. Systemic –

2. Pyrogens –

3. Hypothalamus -

4. Benefits –

-a. Microbes –

-b. Metabolism –

-c. Interferon –

ADAPTIVE BODY DEFENSES

Antigens

1. Defined –

2. Complete antigen –

3. Hapten –

4. Immunogenicity –

5. Reactivity –

6. Antigenic determinants –

MHC proteins

1. Self antigen –

2. Major histocompatibility complex –

3. Class I MHC –

4. Class II MHC –

Cells of the immune system

1. T lymphocytes –

2. B lymphocytes –

3. Antigen presenting cells –

-a. Macrophages –

-b. Dendritic cells –

-c. B lymphocytes -

Humoral Immune Response

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells

1. Cross linking –

2. Endocytosis –

3. Clonal selection –

4. Plasma cells –

5. Memory cells –

Immunological memory

1. Primary immune response –

-a. Lag phase –

-b. Antibody level –

2. Immunological memory –

3. Secondary response –

-a. Lag phase –

-b. Antibody level –

Active and passive humoral immunity

1. Active –

-a. Natural –

-b. Artificial –

2. Passive –

-a. Natural –

-b. Artificial –

Immunoglobin structure

1. Monomer –

2. Disulfide bonds –

3. Heavy (H) chains –

4. Light (L) chains –

5. Variable (V) region –

6. Constant (C) region –

7. Antigen binding site –

8. Effector region –

Antibody Classes (MADGE)

1. IgD –

2. IgM –

3. IgG –

4. IgA –

5. IgE –

Antibody diversity

1. Somatic recombination –

-a. L chain –

-b. H chain –

2. Combination –

3. Somatic mutation –

Antibody functions

1. Complement –

2. Neutralization –

3. Agglutination –

4. Precipitation –

5. Opsonization –

Cell Mediated Immune Response

General

1. T cell diversity -

2. Function –

3. Cell differential glycoprotein –

-a. CD4 cells –

-b. CD8 cells –

4. T cell receptor (TCR)-

MHC restriction

1. Thymus –

2. Type I MHC –

-a. Cytotoxic T cells –

-b. Self antigen –

-c. Endogenous antigen –

3. Type II MHC –

-a. Helper T cells –

-b. Self antigen –

-c. Exogenous antigen –

T cell activation

1. TCR –

-a. Variable region –

2. Cell differential glycoprotein –

3. Activation –

4. Effector cells –

5. Primary response –

6. Secondary response –

-a. Memory T cells –

T cell roles

1. Helper T cells –

-a. Humoral immunity –

-b. Cellular immunity –

-c. Nonspecific defenses –

2. Cytotoxic T cells –

3. Suppressor T cells –

4. Delayed-type hypersensitivity T cells –

Interleukins (Cytokines)

1. Defined –

2. Lymphokines –

3. Monokines –

4. Interleukin 1 –

5. Interleukin 2 –

Transplantation

1. Allograft –

2. Other types –

-a. Autograft –

-b. Isograft –

-c. xenograft –

3. MHC cross matching –

4. Immunosuppressive therapy –

Pathologies of the Immune System

Immunodeficiency

1. SCID –

-a. Plastic bubble –

2. AIDS –

-a. HIV –

-b. Helper T cells –

-c. Opportunistic infections –

3. Hodgkin’s disease –

Autoimmune diseases

1. Defined –

2. Systemic lupus erythematosus –

-a. Autoantibodies –

3. Rheumatoid arthritis –

Hypersensitivities

1. Type I (anaphylaxis) –

-a. IgE –

-b. Mast cells/basophils –

-c. Anaphylactic shock –

-d. Treatment –

2. Type 11 (cytotoxic) –

3. Type III (immune complexes) –

4. Type IV (delayed) –