FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 

Processes

 

1. Ventilation –

2. External respiration –

3. Gas transport –

4. Internal respiration –

5. Cellular respiration –

 

Zones and divisions

 

1. Conduction zone –

2. Respiratory zone –

3. Upper respiratory system –

4. Lower respiratory system –

 

Nose

 

1. Function –

2. External nose –

-a. Root –

-b. Bridge –

-c. Dorsum nasi –

-d. Apex –

-e. External nares –

-f. Alae –

3. Nasal cavity –

-a. Nasal septum –

-b. Posterior nares –

-c. Roof –

-d. Palate –

-e. Vibrissae –

-f. Olfactory mucosa –

-g. Conchae –

-h. Meatus –

-i. Mucosa –

-j. Venous plexus –

4. Paranasal sinuses –

 

Pharynx

 

1. Nasopharynx –

-a. Pharyngotympanic tube –

2. Oropharynx –

3. Laryngopharynx –

4. Mucosa -

 

 

Larynx

 

1. Cartilage –

-a. Thyroid cartilage –

-b. Cricoid cartilage –

-c. Smaller cartilages –

-d. Epiglottis –

2. Mucosal folds –

-a. Vestibular fold –

-b. Vocal fold –

-c. Voice production –

3. Mucosa –

4. Glottis –

5. Swallowing –

 

Trachea

 

1. Mucosa –

2. Submucosa –

3. Adventia –

4. Hyaline cartilage –

5. Trachealis muscle –

6. Esophagus –

 

Bronchial tree

 

1. Primary bronchi –

-a. Hilus –

2. Secondary bronchi –

3. Tertiary bronchi –

4. Bronchioles –

5. Terminal bronchioles –

6. Tissue composition –

-a. Cartilage –

-b. Epithelium –

-c. Smooth muscle –

 

Respiratory zone

 

1. Respiratory bronchioles –

2. Alveolar duct –

3. Alveolar sac –

4. Alveoli –

 

 

Respiratory membrane

 

1. Type I cells –

-a. Pulmonary capillaries –

-b. Respiratory membrane –

-c. External respiration -

2. Type II cells –

-a. Surfactant –

3. Elastic fibers –

4. Alveolar pores –

5. Dust cells –

 

Lungs

 

1. Root –

2. Costal surface –

3. Base –

4. Hilus –

5. Cardiac notch –

6. Lobes –

-a. Right lung –

-b. Left lung –

7. Fissures –

-a. Right lung –

-b. Left lung –

8. Bronchopulmonary segment –

9. Lobule –

10. Stroma -

 

Blood supply to lungs\

1. Pulmonary circulation –

-a. Pulmonary arteries –

-b. Pulmonary capillary -

-c. Pulmonary veins -

2. Bronchial circulation –

-a. Bronchial arteries –

-b. Alveoli –

-c. Bronchial veins –

 

Innervation of the lung

 

1. Pulmonary plexus –

2. Parasympathetic fibers –

3. Sympathetic fibers –

 

 

The pleura

 

1. Parietal pleura –

2. Visceral pleura –

3. Pleural fluid –

4. Pleural cavity –

5. Surface tension –

6. Pleurisy –

 

MECHANICS OF BREATHING

 

Pressure relationship in thoracic cavity

 

1. Intrapulmonary pressure –

2. Intrapleural pressure –

3. Pneumothrorax  -

 

Pulmonary ventilation: inspiration and expiration

 

1. Volume, pressure, flow relationships –

2. Boyle’s law –

 

Inspiration

 

1. Quiet inspiration –

2. Inspiratory muscles –

-a. Diaphragm –

-b. Intecostal –

3. Pressure/volume changes

-a. Volume –

-b. Intrapulmonary pressure –

4. Deep forced respiration –

 

Expiration

 

1. Quiet expiration –

2. Inspiratory muscles –

3. Lung recoils –

4. Intrapulmonary pressure –

5. Forced expiration –

 

 

 

 

Physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

 

1. Resistance –

2. Alveolar surface tension –

3. Lung compliance –

 

 

Resistance

 

1. F=ΔP/R –

2. Conducting tube diameter –

3. Bronchioles –

-a. Smooth muscle –

-b. Parasympathetic stimulation –

4. Accumulations –

 

Alveolar surface tension forces

 

1. Water molecules –

2. Type II alveolar cells –

3. Surfactant –

4. Infant respiratory distress syndrome –

 

Lung compliance

 

1. Elasticity –

2. Factors reducing lung compliance

-a. Fibrosis –

-b. Mucus –

-c. Costal cartilage ossification –

 

Respiratory volumes

 

1. Tidal volume –

2. Inspiratory reserve volume –

3. Expiratory reserve volume –

4. Residual volume –

 

Respiratory capacities

 

1. Total lung capacity –

2. Vital capacity –

3. Inspiratory capacity –

4. Functional residual capacity –

 

 

Dead space

 

1. Anatomical dead space –

2. Alveolar dead space –

3. Total dead space –

 

 

 

Pulmonary function

 

1. Spirometer –

2. Forced expiratory volume –

-a. Obstructive pulmonary disease –

3. Forced vital capacity –

-a. Restrictive pulmonary disease –

 

Nonrespiratory air movement

 

1. Coughing –

2. Sneezing –

3. Crying –

4. Laughing –

5. Hiccup –

6. Yawn –

 

GAS EXCHANGES IN THE BODY

 

Composition of air

 

1. Mixture of gases –

2. Dalton’s law –

3. Partial pressure –

4. PN2 –

5. PO2 –

6. PCO2-

7. PH2O -

 

Air – water interface

 

1. Henry’s law –

2. Solubility differences –

-a. Carbon dioxide –

-b. Oxygen –

-c. Nitrogen -

 

 

Composition of alveolar gas

 

1. P02 –

2. PCO2 –

 

External respiration

 

1. Partial pressure gradient –

-a. Entering blood PO2 –

-b. Alveolar PO2 –

-c. Leaving blood PO2 –

-d. Entering blood PCO2 –

-e. Alveolar PCO2 –

-f. Leaving blood PCO2 –

2. Perfusion-ventilation coupling –

3. Respiratory membrane structure -

 

Internal respiration

 

1. Oxygen exchange –

-a. Entering blood PO2 –

-b. Tissue PO2 –

-c. Leaving blood PO2 –

2. Carbon dioxide exchange –

-a. Entering blood PCO2 –

-b. Tissue PCO2 –

-c. Leaving blood PCO2 –

 

TRANSPORTATION OF RESPIRATORY GASES

 

Oxygen Transport

 

Association / dissociation of oxygen and hemoglobin

 

1. Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) - 

2. Reduced hemoglobin (HHb) –

3. Cooperation –

 

Influences of PO2 on hemoglobin saturation

 

1. Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve –

2. Oxygen content –

3. Arterial blood –

4. Venous blood -

 

 

Other factors influencing hemoglobin saturation

 

1. High metabolism –

2. Temperature –

3. PCO2 –

4. pH decrease – H+

5. Bohr effect –

6. BPG –

 

Impaired oxygen transport

 

1. Hypoxia –

2. Anemic hypoxia –

3. Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia –

4. Histotoxic hypoxia –

5. Hypoxemic (hypoxic) hypoxia –

 

Carbon Dioxide Transport

 

Mode of transport

 

1. Dissolved –

2. Carbaminohemoglobin –

-a. Globin binding –

-b. Haldane effect –

-c. Bohr effect –

3. Bicarbonate ion –

-a. Blood –

-b. RBC carbonic anhydrase –

 

Bicarbonate transport

 

1. Tissue –

-a. Carbon dioxide (CO2) –

-b. Carbonic anhydrase –

-c. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) –

-d. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) –        

-e. Chloride shift (Cl-) –

2. Lungs –

-a. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3- ) –

-b. Chloride shift (Cl-) –

-c. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) –

-d. Carbonic anhydrase –

-e. Carbon dioxide (CO2) –

 

 

CONTROL OF RESPIRATION (VENTILATION)

 

 

1. Inspiratory area –

-a. Eupnea –

2. Expiratory area –

3. Pneumotaxic center –

-a Pontine respiratory group.–

4. Apneustic center – 

5. Irritant reflexes –

6. Hering-Breuer reflex –

7. Hypothalamus –

8. Cortical control –

 

 

Chemical factors

 

1. Central chemoreceptors –

2. Peripheral chemoreceptors –

3. High PCO2 –

-a. Hypercapnia –

-b. Peripheral chemoreceptors –

-c. Central chemoreceptors –

-d. Hyperventilation -

4. Low PCO2 –

-a. Hypocapnia –

-b. Hypoventilation –

-c. Apnea –

5. Very low PO2 –

6. Low arterial pH -   

 

EXERCISE AND HIGH ALTITUDE ADJUSTMENTS

 

Exercise

 

1. Ventilation

2. Hyperpnea –

3. Neural factors –

4. Oxygen debt –

 

High altitudes

 

1. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) –

-a. Symptoms –

2. Acclimatization –

-a. Respiratory –

-b. Hematopoietic –

 

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

 

Common infections

 

1. Laryngitis –

2. Rhinitis –

3. Flu –

 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

 

1. Symptoms –

2. Emphysema –

3. Chronic bronchitis –

 

Bronchial asthma

 

1. Symptoms –

2. Causes –

3. Treatment –

 

Tuberculosis

 

1. Symptoms –

2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis –

3. Primary infection –

4. Compromised immunity –

5. Epidemiology –

6. Treatment –

 

Lung Cancer

 

1. Squamous cell carcinoma –

2. Adenocarcinoma –

3. Small (oat) cell carcinoma –