OVERVIEW

Organs of digestion (two categories)

1. Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) –

2. Accessory organs –

Digestive processes

1. Ingestion –

2. Propulsion –

-a. Swallowing –

-b. Peristalsis –

3. Mechanical digestion –

-a. Segmentation –

4. Chemical digestion –

5. Absorption –

6. Defecation –

Control of digestion

1. Neural –

2. Hormonal –

Peritoneum

1. Visceral peritoneum –

2. Parietal peritoneum –

3. Peritoneal cavity –

4. Mesentery –

5. Retroperitoneal –

6. Peritonitis –

Splanchnic circulation

1. Arterial –

2. Hepatic portal veins –

Alimentary canal histology

1. Mucosa –

-a. Epithelium –

-b. Lamina propria –

-c. Muscularis mucosae –

2. Submucosa –

3. Muscularis externa –

4. Serosa –

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

Oral (buccal) cavity

1. Stratified squamous epithelium –

2. Libia (lip) –

-a. Red margin –

-b. Labial frenulum –

-c. Orbicularis oris –

3. Checks –

-a. Buccinator –

4. Palate –

-a. Hard palate –

-b. Soft palate –

-c. Uvula –

5. Tongue –

-a. Skeletal muscle –

-b. Papillae –

-c. Lingual frenulum –

6. Intrinsic salivary gland –

7. Extrinsic salivary glands –

-a. Parotid –

-b. Submandibular –

-c. Sublingual –

-d. Saliva –

Teeth

1. Location –

2. Mastication –

3. Teeth type –

-a. Incisors –

-b. Canines –

-c. Premolar -

-d. Molar –

4. Dental formula –

-a. Permanent –

-b. Deciduous –

5. Tooth structure

-a. Gingiva –

-b. Crown –

-c. Enamel –

-d. Root –

-e. Cementum –

-f. Peridontal ligament –

-g. Neck –

-i. Pulp cavity –

-j. Root canal –

-k. Dentin –

-l. Odontoblast –

-m. Trigeminal (V) –

6. Dental caries –

7. Calculus (tartar) –

8. Gingivitis –

Pharynx

1. Oropharynx –

2. Laryngopharynx –

3. Stratified squamous epithelium –

4. Skeletal muscle –

-a. Inner layer –

-b. Pharyngeal constrictors –

Esophagus

1. General –

2. Esophageal hiatus –

3. Cardiac orifice –

4. Cardiac (gastroesophageal) sphincter –

5. Esophageal mucosa –

6. Longitudinal folds –

7. Mucus –

8. Muscularis externa –

9. Adventitia –

10. Heart burn –

11. Hiatus hernia –

Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus: digestive processes

1. Mastication –

2. Deglutition –

-a. Buccal phase –

-b. Paryngeal-esophaeal phase –

3. Bolus –

Stomach: gross anatomy

1. Size –

2. Rugae –

3. Regions

-a. Cardia –

-b. Fundus –

-c. Body –

-d. Pyloric region –

4. Pyloric sphincter –

5. Greater curvature –

6. Lesser curvature –

7. Greater omentum –

8. Lesser omentum –

9. Autonomic nervous system

-a. Sympathetic fibers –

-b. Parasympathetic fibers –

10. Circulation

-a. Celiac trunk branches –

-b. Hepatic portal circulation –

Stomach: microscopic anatomy

1. Muscularis externa –

2. Mucosa –

3. Gastric pits –

4. Gastric glands –

-a. Mucus neck cells –

-b. Parietal (oxynic) cells –

-c. Chief (zymogenic) cells –

-d. Enteroendocrine cells –

5. Mucosal barrier –

-a. Bicarbonate –

-b. Tight junctions –

-c. Undifferentiated stem cells –

Gastric secretions

1. Pepsin –

2. HCl –

-a. H⁺ -

-b. Alkaline tide –

-c. Cl^- -

3. Gastrin –

4. Intrinsic factor –

5. Chyme –

Gastric mobility

1. Filling –

2. Contractile activity –

-a. Peristalsis –

-b. Pace maker cells –

-c. Basic electrical rhythm –

-d. Gap junctions –

-e. Subthreshold –

3. Gastric emptying –

Gastric regulation

1. Cephalic phase –

-a. Hypothalamus –

-b. Medulla –

-c. Vagus nerve –

2. Gastric phase –

-a. Distension –

-b. Food chemicals –

-c. G cells –

-d. HCl –

3. Intestinal phase –

-a. Intestinal mucosal cells –

-b. Intestinal (enteric) gastrin –

-c. Inhibitory effect –

-d. Enterogastric reflex –

-e. Enterogastrones –

Stomach pathologies

1. Gastritis –

2. Gastric ulcers –

-a. Helicobacter pylori –

3. Vomiting –

Small intestine: gross anatomy

1. Location –

2. Size –

3. Function –

4. Divisions –

5. Duodenum –

-a. Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Vader) –

-b. Major duodenal papilla –

-c. Hepatopancreatic sphincter (Oddi) –

6. Jejunum –

7. Ileum –

8. Nerve supply –

9. Vascularization –

Small intestine: microscopic anatomy

1. Plicae circulares –

2. Villi –

3. Simple columnar –

4. Capillary bed –

5. Lacteal –

6. Microvilli (brush border) –

7. Mucosa -

-a. Simple columnar cells –

-b. Goblet cells –

-c. Intestinal (Lieberkuhn) crypts –

-d. Intestinal juices –

-e. Stem cells –

-f. Changes –

8. Submucosa –

-a. Peyer’s patches –

-b. Duodenal (Brunner’s) gland –

9. Muscularis externa –

10. Serosa –

11. Intestinal juices –

Liver: gross anatomy

1. Function –

-a. Digestive function –

-b. Gallbladder –

2. Location –

3. Size –

4. Falciform ligament –

5. Round ligament (ligamentum teres) –

6. Lesser omentum –

7. Porta hepatis –

9. Bare area –

10. Gallbladder –

11. Sulcus for inferior vena cava –

12. Hepatic ducts (right and left) –

13. Common hepatic duct –

14. Cystic duct –

15. Common bile duct –

Liver lobes

1. Traditional scheme -

-a. Right lobe –

-b. Left lobe –

-c. Caudate lobe –

-d. Quadrate lobe –

2. New scheme –

-a. Right lobe –

-b. Left lobe –

Liver: microscopic anatomy

1. Liver lobule –

2. Hepatocytes –

3. Central vein –

4. Portal triads –

-a. Portal arteriole –

-b. Portal venule –

-c. Bile duct –

5. Liver sinusoids –

6. Kupffer cells –

7. Hepatocytes –

-a. Nutrient processing –

-b. Fat soluble vitamin storage

-c. Detoxification –

-d. Bile production –

8. Bile canaliculi –

9. Bile –

-a. Bile salts –

-b. Bilirubin –

Liver: Gallbladder

1. Gallbladder –

-a. Cystic duct –

-b. Cholecystokinin –

Liver disorders

1. Hepatitis –

2. Cirrhosis –

3. Gallstones (biliary calculi) –

Pancreas

1. Pancreas –

2. Main pancreatic duct (Wirsung) –

-a. Major duodenal papilla –

3. Accessory pancreatic duct (Santorini) –

-a. Minor duodenal papilla –

4. Acini (pancreatic) –

5. Pancreatic juices –

6. Proteases –

-a. Trypsinogen –

-b. Other proteases –

7. Other enzymes –

8. Hormonal control –

-a. Secretin –

-b. Cholecystokinin –

9. Parasympathetic control –

Small intestine: digestive processes

1. Chyme –

2. Segmentation –

3. Peristalsis –

4. Migrating mobility complex –

5. Ileocecal valve –

-a. Gastroileal reflex –

-b. Gastrin –

Large intestine: gross anatomy

1. Teniae coli –

2. Haustra –

3. Cecum –

4. Vermiform appendix –

5. Colon –

-a. Ascending colon –

-b. Right (hepatic) flexure –

-c. Transverse colon –

-d. Left (splenic) colon –

-e. Descending colon –

-f. Sigmoid colon –

-g. Retroperitoneal –

-h. Transverse mesocolon –

-i. Sigmoid mesocolon –

6. Rectum –

-a. Rectal valves –

-b. Muscularis externa –

7. Anal canal –

-a. Internal anal sphincter –

-b. External anal sphincter –

Large intestine: microscopic anatomy

1. Mucosa –

-a. Crypts –

-b. Goblet cells –

-c. Special features –

2. Anal mucosa –

-a. Anal columns –

-b. Anal sinuses –

-c. Hemorrhoidal veins –

Bacterial flora

1. Fermentation –

-a. Flatus –

2. Vitamin synthesis –

-a. B complex vitamins –

-b. Vitamin K –

Large intestine: digestive processes

1. Absorption –

2. Motility –

-a. Haustral contractions –

-b. Mass movements –

3. Defecation –

-a. Fecal content –

-b. Defecation reflex –

-c. Rectal contraction –

-d. Internal anal sphincter –

-e. External anal sphincter –

-f. Valsalva’s maneuver –

Large intestine: disorders

1. Appendicitis –

2. Hemorrhoids –

3. Salmonella –

CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

Chemical Digestion

General

1. Chemical digestion –

2. Hydolysis –

Carbohydrates

1. Salivary amylase –

2. Pancreatic amylase –

3. Oligosaccharide –

4. Brush border enzymes –

-a. Oligosaccharide substrate –

-b. Disaccharide substrate –

Proteins

1. Pepsin –

2. Pancreatic enzymes –

-a. Trypsin –

-b. Chymotrypsin –

-c. Carboxypeptidase –

3. Brush border enzymes –

-a. Carboxypeptidase –

-b. Aminopeptidase –

-c. Dipeptidase –

4. End products –

Lipids

1. Bile salts –

2. Lecithin –

3. Emulsification –

4. Lipase (pancreatic) –

Nucleic acids

1. Nucleases (pancreatic) –

2. Brush border enzymes –

Absorption

Carbohydrates

1. Secondary active transport –

2. Facilitated transport –

Proteins

1. Secondary active transport –

2. Endothelial cells –

Lipids

1. Micells –

-a. Core –

2. Simple diffusion –

3. Intracellular processing –

-a. Triglycerides –

-b. Chylomicrons –

-c. Golgi apparatus –

4. Lacteals –

5. Lipoprotein lipase –

Nucleic acids

1. Active transport –

Vitamins

1. Large intestine –

2. Fat soluble vitamins –

3. Water soluble vitamins –

4. Vitamin B₁₂ –

Electrolytes

1. Sodium –

2. Chloride –

3. Potassium –

4. Iron –

-a. Ferritin –

-b. Shed epithelial cells –

-c. Inadequate iron –

-d. Transferrin –

5. Calcium –

-a. Vitamin D –

Chemical digestion and absorption: disorders

1. Lactose intolerance –

2. Infant food allergies –

3. Gluten enteropathy –