METABOLISM

Metabolism

1. Metabolism –

2. Catabolism –

3. Anabolism –

4. Oxidation –

5. Reduction –

6. Redox –

7. Coenzymes –

-a. NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) –

-b. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) –

8. ATP synthesis –

-a. Substrate level phosphorylation –

-b. Oxidative phosphorylation –

-c. Chemiosmotic process –

Carbohydrate Metabolism

1. Glucose –

2. Glucose-6-phosphate –

3. Glucose oxidation –

-a. C₆H₁₂0₆ + 6O₂→6H₂O + 6CO₂ + 36 ATP + heat

4. Glycogen metabolism –

5. Gluconeogenesis –

Glucose oxidation: glycolysis

1. Sugar activation –

-a. Glucose –

-b. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate –

2. Sugar cleavage –

-a. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate –

-b. Glyceraldehyde phosphate –

3. Oxidation: ATP formation

-a. Phosphorylation –

-b. ATP production –

-c. NADH+H⁺ -

-d. Pyruvic acid –

Glucose oxidation: anaerobic versus aerobic

1. Anaerobic –

-a. Lactic acid –

-b. Acid-base problems –

2. Aerobic –

Glucose oxidation: Acetyl Coenzyme formation

1. Decarboxylation –

2. Oxidation –

3. NADH+H⁺-

4. Acetic acid –

5. Coenzyme A –

6. Acetyl CoA –

Glucose oxidation: Kreb’s (citric acid) cycle

1. Acetyl CoA –

2. Oxaloacetic acid –

3. Citric acid –

4. Decarboxylation –

5. NADH+H⁺ -

6. FADH₂ –

7. Oxidation –

8. ATP production –

Glucose oxidation: Electron transport chain

1. Cristae –

2. Components –

-a. Flavins –

-b. Cytochoromes –

3. Respiratory enzyme complex –

-a. Coenzyme oxidation –

-b. H⁺ pump –

-c. Matrix –

-d. Intermembrane space –

4. ATP synthase –

5. Reduced cofactors –

-a. NADH+H⁺ -

-b. FADH₂ –

6. Oxygen –

-a. 2H (2H⁺+2e^-) + ½O₂ → H₂O

-b. Physiological water –

7. ATP –

Glycogen metabolism

1. Glycogenesis –

-a. Hexokinase –

-b. Glucose-6-phosphate –

-c. Glucose-1-phosphate –

-d. Glycogen synthase –

-e. Skeletal muscle –

-f. Liver –

2. Glycogenolysis –

-a. Glycogen phosphorylase –

-b. Glucose-1-phosphate –

-c. Glucose-6-phosphate –

- d. Glucose-6-phosphatease –

Gluconeogenesis

1. Gluconeogenesis –

2. Liver –

3. Hypoglycemia –

4. Protection –

Lipid metabolism: catabolism

1. Lipolysis –

2. Glycerol oxidation–

-a. Glyceraldehyde phosphate –

-b. Gluconeogenesis –

3. Fatty acids oxidation–

-a. Beta oxidation –

-b. Reduced coenzymes –

-c. Acetic acid –

-d. Acetyl Coenzyme A –

-e. Krebs cycle –

4. Ketone bodies –

-a. Ketosis –

Lipid metabolism: anabolic

1. Lipogenesis –

-a. Glycerol –

-b. Fatty acids –

2. Structural materials –

-a. Cell membrane –

-b. Liver –

-c. Cholesterol –

Amino acid oxidation: catabolic

1. Transamination –

-a. α-Ketoglutaric acid –

-b. Glutamic acid –

-c. Keto acid –

2. Oxidative deamination –

-a. α-Ketoglutaric acid –

-b. Ammonia –

-c. Urea –

3. Keto acid modification –

-a. Krebs cycle intermediate –

-b. Pyruvic acid –

-d. Gluconeogenesis –

Proteins / amino acids: anabolic

1. Protein synthesis –

2. Nonessential amino acids –

Absorptive state

1. Absorptive state –

2. Anabolism –

3. Glucose –

4. Amino acids –

5. Triglycerides –

6. Insulin –

Postabsorptive state

1. Postabsorptive state –

2. Catabolism –

3. Glucose –

-a. Glycogenolysis –

-b. Gluconeogenesis –

-c. Glucose sparing –

4. Lipolysis –

-a. Glycerol –

-b. Fatty acids –

5. Proteins –

6. Glucagon –

7. Sympathetic nervous system –

-a. Lipolysis –

-b. Glycogenolysis –

-c. Gluconeogenesis –

Metabolic role of liver: general

1. Carbohydrates –

2. Protein metabolism –

3. Urea –

4. Fats –

5. Vitamin storage –

6. Iron storage –

7. Detoxification –

Metabolic role of liver: cholesterol regulation

1. Chylomicrons –

2. VLDL –

3. LDL –

4. HDL –

BODY ENERGY BALANCE

Regulation of food intake

1. Hypothalamus –

2. Nutrient levels –

3. Leptin –

4. Insulin –

5. Other hormones –

6. Body temperature –

7. Psychological factors –

8. Hypothetical model –

-a. Leptin –

-b. Hypothalamus –

-c. Neuropeptide Y –

Metabolic rate

1. Metabolic rate –

2. Calorimeter –

3. Respirometer –

4. Basal metabolic rate –

-a. 70 kcal/hour –

-b. Influences –

5. Total metabolic rate –

-a. Skeletal muscle –

-b. Dietary thermogenesis –

Regulation of body temperature

1. Body temperature –

2. Skeletal muscle –

3. Average body temperature –

4. Over homeostatic range –

5. Under homeostatic range –

6. Core body temperature –

7. Shell body temperature –

8. Heat exchange –

-a. Radiation –

-b. Conduction –

-c. Convection –

-d. Evaporation –

9. Hypothalamus –

10. Heat promoting mechanisms –

-a. Cutaneous vasoconstriction –

-b. Chemical thermogenesis –

-c. Shivering –

-d. Thyroxine –

-e. Behavior –

11. Heat loss mechanisms –

-a. Cutaneous vasodialtion –

-b. Sweating –

-c. Behavior –

-d. Heat exhaustion –

-e. Heat stroke –

NUTRITION

General

1. Kilocalorie –

2. Nutrient –

3. Categories –

4. Food groups –

5. Essential nutrients –

Carbohydrates

1. Sources –

2. Use in body –

3. Deficits –

4. Excesses –

Lipids

1. Sources –

2. Use in body –

3. Deficits –

4. Excesses –

Proteins

1. Sources –

-a. Complete proteins –

-b. Incomplete proteins -

-c. Essential amino acids –

2. Use in body –

3. Deficits –

4. Excesses –

Vitamins

1. Vitamins –

2. Source –

-a. Provitamin –

3. Water soluble –

-a. Absorption –

-b. Hypervitaminosis –

4. Fat soluble –

-a. Absorption –

-b. Hypervitaminosis –

5. Antioxidants –

Fat soluble vitamins

1. Vitamin A –

-a. Source -

2. Vitamin D –

-a. Source –

3. Vitamin E –

-a. Source –

4. Vitamin K –

-a. Source –

Water soluble vitamins

1. Vitamin C –

-a. Source –

2. Vitamin B₁ –

3. Vitamin B₂ –

4. Niacin –

5. Vitamin B₆ –

6. Vitamin B₅-

7. Biotin –

8. B₁₂ –

9. Folic acid –

Minerals

1. Calcium (Ca) –

-a. Source –

2. Chlorine (Cl) –

3. Sulfur –

4. Potassium (K) –

5. Sodium (Na) –

6. Magnesium (Mg) –

-a. Source –

7. Phosphorus (P) –

Trace minerals

1. Fluorine (F) –

-a. Source –

2. Cobalt (Co) –

3. Chromium (Cr) –

4. Copper (Cu) –

5. Iodine (I) –

-a. Source –

6. Iron (Fe) –

7. Manganese (Mn) –

-a. Source –

8. Selenium (Se) –

9. Zinc (Zn) –