WATER BALANCE

Body water content

1. Average –

2. Infants –

3. Elderly –

4. Young men –

5. Young women –

Fluid compartments

1. ICF compartment –

2. ECF compartment –

-a. Plasma –

-b. Interstitial fluid –

-c. Other fluids –

Movement between compartments

1. Osmosis –

2. Solutes –

-a. Sodium salts –

-b. Potassium salts –

Water gain and losses

1. Intake –

-a. Ingested fluids –

-b. Foods –

-c. Metabolic water –

2. Output –

-a. Urine –

-b. Feces –

-c. Expired breath –

-d. Sweat –

-e. Cutaneous transpiration –

3. Physical activity –

4. Environment –

5. Insensible water loss –

6. Obligatory water loss –

Regulation of water intake

1. Dehydration –

2. Thirst centers –

3. Dry mouth –

4. Thirst –

5. Thirst quenched–

-a. Short term inhibition –

-b. Long term inhibition –

Regulation of water output

1. Osmolarity –
2. Sodium –

3. ADH –

-a. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors -

-b. Aquaporins –

Disorders of water balance

1. Dehydration –

-a. Causes –

-b. Symptoms -

-c. Complications –

2. Hypovolemia –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complication –

3. Volume excess –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complication –

4. Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication) –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

5. Edema -

-a. Causes -

-b. Complications –

ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

Sodium

1. Function –

-a. Depolarization –

-b. Water balance –

-c. Sodium bicarbonate –

2. Homeostasis –

-a. Aldosterone –

-b. ADH –

-c. ANF –

-d. Other hormones –

3. Hypernatremia –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

4. Hyponatremia –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

Potassium

1. Function –

-a. Depolarization –

-b. Cofactors –

2. Homeostasis –

-a. High K -

-b. Aldosterone –

3. Hyperkalemia –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

4. Hypokalemia –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

Calcium

1. Function –

-a. Skeletal system –

-b. Ionic calcium –

2. Homeostasis –

-a. PTH –

-b. Calcitonin –

3. Hypecalcemia -

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

4. Hypocalcemia -

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

Magnesium

1. Functions –

-a. Coenzyme activation –

-b. Excitable tissue –

2. Homeostasis –

-a. PCT reabsorption –

3. Hypermagnesemia -

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

4. Hypomagenesemia -

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

Chloride

1. Function –

-a. Osmolarity –

-b. Stomach acid –

-c. Chloride shift –

2. Homeostasis –

3. Hyperchloremia –

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

4. Hypochloremia -

-a. Causes –

-b. Complications –

Phosphates

1. Functions –

-a. ATP –

-b. Nucleic acids –

-c. Cell membrane –

2. Homeostasis –

3. Imbalances –

Other anions

1. Bicarbonate –

2. Nitrates –

3. Sulfates –

ACID BASE BALANCE

General comments

1. Macromolecules –

2. Alkalosis –

3. Acidosis –

4. H⁺ sources –

-a. Phosphoric acid –

-b. Lactic acid –

-c. Fat metabolism –

-d. CO₂ transport –

-e. Stomach HCl –

5. H+ regulation –

-a. Chemical buffer systems –

-b. Respiratory center –

-c. Renal mechanism –

6. Acid –

-a. Strong acid –

-b. Weak acid –

7. Base –

-a. Strong base –

-b. Weak base –

8. Chemical buffer –

Chemical buffer systems

1. Bicarbonate buffer system –

-a. NaHCO₃^- -

-b. H₂CO₃ –

-c. Strong acid –

-d. Strong base –

-e. ECF –

2. Phosphate buffer system –

-a. NaH₂PO₄ –

-b. Na₂HPO₄ –

-c. Strong acid –

-d. Strong base –

-e. ICF –

-f. Renal tubules –

3. Protein buffer system –

-a. importance –

-b. Carboxyl side group (–COOH) –

-c. Amino side group (-NH2) –

Respiratory control of pH

1. Formula –

2. High H⁺ -

3. Low H⁺ -

4. Chemoreceptors –

Renal control of pH

1. Bicarbonate binding –

-a. H⁺ -

-b. HCO₃^- -

-c. H₂CO₃ –

-d. Carbonic anhydrase –

-e. H₂O –

-f. CO₂ –

2. Conserving bicarbonate –

-a. CO₂ –

-b. Carbonic anhydrase –

-c. HCO₃^- -

-d. Na⁺ -

3. Alkaline reserve –

4. Phosphate buffer system –

-a. Collecting tubule –

-b. Carbonic anhydrase –

-c. Carbonic acid –

-d. HCO₃^- -

-e. H+ -

-f. HPO₄^2- -

-g. H₂PO₄^- -

5. Glutamine catabolism –

-a. HCO₃^- -

-b. NH₄⁺ -

-c. PCT –

6. Bicarbonate secretion –

Abnormalities in acid-base balance

1. Respiratory acidosis –

2. Respiratory alkalosis –

3. Metabolic acidosis –

4. Metabolic alkalosis –

5. Acidosis –

5. Alkalosis –