MEIOSIS

General terms

1. Diploid –

2. Haploid –

3. Homologous pairs –

4. Mitosis –

5. Meiosis –

Mitosis

1. Purpose –

2. Sister chromatid –

3. Interphase –

4. Prophase –

-a. Chromatid –

5. Metaphase –

6. Anaphase –

7. Telophase –

Meiosis I

1. Prophase I –

-a. Synapsis –

-b. Tetrads (bivalents) –

-c. Crossing over –

2. Metaphase I –

3. Anaphse I –

-a. Independent assortment –

4. Telophase 1 –

5. Interkinesis –

Meiosis II

1. Prophase II –

2. Metaphase II –

3. Anaphase II –

4. Telophase II –

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: ANATOMY

Scrotum

1. Scrotum -

2. Testes -

3. Midline septum -

4. Adaptation –

5. Temperature regulation –

6. Dartos muscle –

7. Cremaster muscle –

Testes

1. Tunics –

-a. Tunica vaginalis –

-b. Tunica albuginea –

-c. Lobules –

2. Seminiferous tubules –

3. Tubulus rectus –

4. Rete testis –

5. Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) –

6. Spermatic cord –

The male duct system

1. Epididymis –

-a. Efferent ductules –

-b. Location –

-c. Size –

-d. Sperm maturation –

-e. Ejaculation –

2. Ductus deferens –

-a. Ampulla –

-b. Ejaculation –

3. Ejaculatory duct –

4. Urethra –

-a. Prostatic urethra –

-b. Membranous urethra –

-c. Penile (spongy) urethra –

Accessory glands

1. Seminal vesicles –

-a. Secretions –

2. Prostate gland –

-a. Secretions –

3. Bulbourethral gland –

-a. Secretions –

-b. Cowper’s gland –

Penis

1. Root –

2. Shaft –

3. Glans penis –

4. Bulb –

5. Prepuce (foreskin) –

6. Erectile tissue –

-a. Corpus spongiosum –

-b. Corpora cavernosa –

-c. Tunica albuginea –

Semen

1. Characteristics –

2. Purpose –

3. Fructose –

4. Sperm mobility –

5. Alkaline –

6. Sperm –

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: PHYSIOLOGY

Male sexual response

1. Erection –

-a. Parasympathetic reflex –

-b. Vascular spaces –

-c. Venous outflow –

-d. Bulbourethral gland –

-e. Impotence –

2. Ejaculation –

-a. Sympathetic–

-b. Contraction –

-c. Bladder sphincter muscle –

-d. Bulbospongiosus muscle –

-e. Climax (orgasm) –

-f. Latent period –

Spermatogenesis

1. Seminiferous tubules –

2. Spermatagonia mitosis –

-a. Spermatagonia –

-b. Type A daughter cell –

-c. Type B daughter cell –

3. Primary spermatocyte meiosis –

-a. Secondary spermatocytes –

-b. Early spermatids –

4. Spermiogenesis –

5. Sperm –

-a. Head –

-b. Acrosome –

-c. Midpiece –

-d. Tail –

6. Sustentacular cells (Sertoli) –

-a. Tight junctions –

-b. Basal compartment –

-c. Adluminal compartment –

-d. Blood testis barrier –

-e. Other functions –

7. Testicular fluid –

8. Duration –

9. Epididymis –

Brain-testicular axis

1. Brain-testicular axis –

2. GnRH –

3. LH (ICSH) –

4. FSH –

-a. ABP –

5. Testosterone –

6. Feedback –

-a. Inhibin –

8. Puberty –

9. Prenatal development –

10. Maintenance –

Testosterone: other effects

1. Puberty –

2. Spermatogenesis –

3. Reproductive organs –

4. Male secondary sex characteristics –

-a. Hair growth –

-b. Larynx enlarges –

-c. Skin –

-d. Somatic effects –

5. Basal metabolic rate –

6. Libido –

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: ANATOMY

Ovary

1. Ovary –

2. Ligaments –

-a. Broad ligament –

-b. Ovarian ligament –

-c. Suspensory ligament –

-d. Mesometrium –

3. Ovarian artery –

4. Tunica albuginea –

5. Germinal epithelium –

6. Cortex –

7. Medulla –

8. Ovarian follicles –

Ovarian follicles

1. Oocyte –

2. Surrounding cells –

-a. Follicular cells –

-b. Granulosa cells –

3. Primordial follicle –

4. Primary follicle -

5. Secondary follicle –

-a. Antrum –

6. Vesicular (Graafian) follicle –

7. Ovulation –

8. Corpus luteum –

Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviduct

1. Function –

2. Isthmus –

3. Ampulla –

4. Infundibulum –

5. Fimbriae –

6. Oocyte transport –

-a. Cilia –

-b. Secretions –

-c. Peristalsis –

-d. Mesosalpinx –

8. Pathologies –

-a. Ectopic pregnancy –

-b. Pelvic inflammatory disease –

Uterus: gross anatomy

1. Location –

2. Function –

3. Body –

4. Fundus –

5. Isthmus –

6. Cervix –

-a. Cervical canal –

-b. Internal os –

-c. External os –

7. Uterine support –

-a. Round –

-b. Mesometrium –

-c. Uterosacral –

-d. Lateral cervical (cardinal) –

8. Pathologies –

-a. Cervical cancer –

-b. Uterine prolapse –

Uterine wall: histology

1. Perimetrium –

2. Myometrium –

3. Endometrium –

-a. Stratum functionalis –

-b. Stratum basalis –

4. Vascular supply –

-a. Uterine arteries –

-b. Arcuate arteries –

-c. Radial branches –

-d. Straight arteries –

-e. Spiral (coiled) arteries –

Vagina

1. Copulatory organ –

2. Birth canal –

3. Vaginal layers –

-a. Adventitia –

-b. Muscularis –

-c. Mucosa –

4. Mucus –

5. Acid mantle –

-a. Protection –

6. Vaginal orifice –

7. Hymen –

8. Vaginal fornices –

Vulva: External genitalia

1. Mons pubis –

2. Labia majora –

3. Labia minora –

4. Vestibule –

5. Greater vestibular gland –

-a. Bulbourethral gland –

-b. Bartholin gland –

6. Lesser vestibular glands –

7. Paraurethral glands –

-a. Prostate –

-b. Skene glands –

8. Clitoris –

-a. Erectile tissue –

-b. Prepuce –

9. Vestibular bulbs –

Mammary glands

1. Sweat glands –

2. Breast –

3. Areola –

-a. Sebaceous gland –

4. Nipple –

-a. Smooth muscle –

5. Lobes –

6. Suspensory ligament –

7. Lobules –

8. Alveoli –

9. Lactiferous duct –

10. Lactiferous sinus –

11. Pregnancy –

12. Breast cancer –

-a. Risk factor –

-b. Diagnosis –

-c. Treatment –

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: PHYSIOLOGY

Oogenesis

1. Oogonia –

2. Primordial follicle –

-a. Primary oocyte –

-b. Follicular cells –

3. Vesicular follicle –

-a. Secondary oocyte –

-b. First polar body –

4. Ovulation –

5. Fertilization –

-a. Ovum –

-b. Second polar body –

Ovarian cycle: Follicular phase

1. Primordial to primary follicle –

-a. Activation –

2. Primary to secondary follicle -

-a. Granulosa cells –

-b. Theca folliculi –

-c. Estrogen –

-d. Zona pellucida –

-e. Antrum –

3. Secondary to vesicular (Graafian) follicle -

-a. Stalk –

-b. Corona radiate –

-c. Primary oocyte –

-d. Secondary oocyte –

Ovarian cycle: ovulation

1. Ovulation –

2. Corona radiata –

3. LH –

Ovarian cycle: luteal phase

1. Corpus hemorrhagicum –

2. Corpus luteum –

-a. Progesterone –

-b. Estrogen –

3. Pregnancy –

4. Corpus albicans –

Ovarian cycle: establishing

1. Childhood –

2. Puberty –

3. GnRH –

4. Gonadotropins –

5. Anovulatory period –

6. Menarche –

Ovarian cycle: hormonal interactions

1. GnRH –

2. Gonadotropins –

-a. LH –

-b. FSH –

3. Negative feedback –

4. Positive feedback –

5. Gonatotropin surge –

6. Oocyte –

-a. Primary oocyte –

-b. Secondary oocyte –

-c. Ovulation –

-d. Decrease in estrogen –

7. Corpus luteum –

8. Negative inhibition –

-a. Inhibin –

9. Corpus luteum –

-a. Implantation –

-b. Degeneration –

10. Ovarian hormones –

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

1. Menstrual phase –

-a. Functional layer –

-b. Hormone level –

-c. FSH –

2. Proliferation phase –

-a. Functional layer –

-b. Uterine glands –

-c. Spiral arteries –

-d. Progesterone receptors –

-e. Cervical mucus –

3. Secretory phase (beginning) –

-a. Implantation –

-b. Progesterone –

-c. Spiral arteries –

-d. Uterine glands –

-e. Negative feedback –

-f. Implantation –

-g. Corpus luteum –

4. Secretory phase (end) –

-a. Progesterone levels –

-b. Spiral arteries –

-c. Endometrial cells –

-d. Menstrual flow –

Estrogen: extrauterine effects

1. Estrogen –

2. Gamete production –

3. Reproductive tract –

4. Puberty growth spurts –

5. Secondary sex characteristics –

-a. Breast growth –

-b. Subcutaneous fat deposits –

-c. Pelvis –

-d Hair growth –

Progesterone: extrauterine effects

1. Uterine mobility –

2. Lactation –

Female sexual response

1. Excitement –

-a. Blood engorgement –

-b. Nipples –

-c. Vestibular gland –

2. Stimuli –

3. Orgasm –

-a. Refractory period –