EGG AND SPERM: FERTILIZATION

Gamete viability

1. Oocyte viability -

2. Sperm viability –

Sperm transport

1. Sperm transport –

2. Leakage –

3. Acidic environment –

4. Cervical mucus –

5. Uterine contractions –

Sperm capacitation

1. Capicitation

2. Purpose –

4. Cholesterol –

5. Mechanism –

Fertilization

1. Acrosomal reaction –

-a. Acrosomal enzymes –

2. Corona radiata –

3. Zona pellucida –

4. Fusion –

5. Polyspermy –

6. Fast block –

7. Slow block –

-a. Cortical reaction –

8. Meiosis II –

-a. Second polar body –

9. Pronuclei –

-a. Mitotic spindle –

-b. Rupture –

-c. Diploid number –

10. Zygote –

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Cleavage

1. Cleavage –

2. Morula –

3. Blastocyst –

-a. Trophoblasts cells –

-b. Inner cell mass –

Implantation

1. Trophoblast cells –

-a. Digestive enzymes –

-b. Endometrium -

2. Trophoblast layers -

-a. Cytotrophoblast -

-b. Syncytiotrophoblast -

3. Endometrial cell proliferation -

4. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) -

-a. Chorion -

5. Placenta –

6. Corpus luteum -

7. Pregnancy test -

8. Nutrition -

-a. Endometrial cells -

-b. Placenta -

Placentation

1. Placenta -

2. Chorion –

-a. Extraembryonic mesoderm -

3. Chorionic villi -

4. Lucanae (intervillus spaces) -

5. Decidua basalis -

6. Decidua capsularis -

7. Placental layers -

8. Exchange function -

9. Hormone function -

-a. hCG -

-b. Steroidal hormones -

Embryonic membrane

1. Amnion -

-a. Amniotic fluid -

2. Yolks sac -

-a. Nutritive function -

-b. Gut -

-c. Blood cells -

3. Allantosis -

-a. Shelled eggs -

-b. Placental mammals -

5. Chorion –

Gastrulation: germ layer formation

1. Embryonic disc -

2. Primitive streak -

3. Cell migration -

4. Ectoderm -

5. Endoderm -

6. Mesoderm -

-a. Notochord -

-b. Mesenchyme -

Organogenesis: differentiation of ectoderm

1. Neuralation -

-a. Notochord -

-b. Neural plate -

-c. Neural grove -

-d. Neural fold -

-e. Neural tube -

-f. Neural crest cells –

-g. Brain -

2. Skin -

3. Other structures -

Organogenesis: differentiation of endoderm

1. Cylindrical body –

2. Primitive gut -

-a. Yolk sac –

3. Respiratory mucosa -

4. Hindgut -

5. Midgut -

6. Mesoderm -

Organogenesis: differentiation of mesoderm

1. Notochord –

-a. Nucleus pulposus -

2. Mesodermal aggregates -

3. Somites -

-a. Sclerotome -

-b. Dermatome -

-c. Myotome -

4. Intermediate mesoderm -

5. Lateral mesoderm -

-a. Somatic mesoderm -

-b. Splanchnic mesoderm -

6. Coelom -

7. Mesodermal tissue –

-a. Muscle -

-b. Connective tissue -

-c. Endothelium -

8. Cardiovascular system –

FETAL DEVELOPMENT

Fetal development

1. Fetus –

2. Differentiation –

3. Ossification –

4. Notochord –

5. Myelination –

Fetal circulation

1. Umbilical vein -

2. Liver -

3. Ductus venosus -

4. Foramen ovale –

5. Ductus arteriosus -

6. Umbilical arteries -

7. Newborn circulation -

-a. Ligamentum teres -

-b. Ligamentum venosum -

-c. Fossa ovalis -

-d. Ligamentum arteriosum -

-e. Medial umbilical ligaments –

Fetal testing

1. Amniocentesis -

2. Chorionic villi sampling –

3. Risk -

PREGNANCY

Hormonal changes

1. Human chorionic gonadotropin –

2. Chorion –

3. Relaxin –

Anatomical changes

1. Chadwick’s sign -

2. Breast -

4. Uterine enlargement –

5. Lordosis -

6. Waddling gait -

7. Weight gain –

Metabolic changes

1. Nutrition -

-a. Folic acid -

-b. Caloric increases -

2. Basal metabolic rate –

3. Blood calcium –

Physiological changes

1. Gastrointestinal system –

-a. Morning sickness –

-b. Heartburn -

-c. Constipation -

2. Urinary system –

-a. Urine production -

-b. Stress incontinence -

3. Respiratory system -

-a. Nasal mucosa –

-b. Vital capacity -

-c. Respiratory rate -

4. Cardiovascular system -

-a. Blood volume -

-b. Cardiac output -

-c. Varicose veins –

PARTURITION

Initiation of labor

1. Estrogen -

-a. Oxytocin receptors -

-b. Progesterone quieting -

2. Braxton Hicks contractions -

3. True labor -

-a. Oxytocin -

-b. Prostaglandin -

4. Hypothalamus –

5. Positive feedback -

Stages of labor

1. Dilation stage (stage 1) -

-a. Infants head -

-b. Duration -

-c. Engagement -

2. Expulsion stage (stage 2) -

-a. Contractions –

-b. Duration -

-c. Crowning -

-d. Episiotomy -

-e. Vertex presentation -

-f. Breach presentation-

3. Placental stage (stage 3) -

-a. Uterine contractions -

-b. Afterbirth -

-c. Umbilical cord -

NEONATAL ADJUSTMENTS

1. Neonatal period -

2. Respiratory control centers –

3. Vascular adjustments -

-a. Umbilical arteries -

-b. Umbilical vein –

-c. Ductus venosum –

-d. Foramen ovale -

-e. Ductus arteriosus -

4. Transitional period -

LACTATION

1. Prolactin -

2. Colostrum –

3. Mechanical stimulation -

4. Let-down reflex -

-a. Nipple pressoreceptors -

-b. Hypothalamus –

-c. Oxytocin –

5. Maternal advantages -

6. Neonate advantages -

-a. Nutrition –

-b. Protection -

7. Nursing stops -

VOCABULARTY OF GENETICS

General

1. Genetics -

2. Gregory Mendel -

3. Sex chromosomes -

4. Autosomes -

5. Karyotype -

6. Genome -

Gene pairs (alleles)

1. Locus -

2. Allele -

3. Homozygous -

4. Heterozygous -

5. Dominant -

6. Recessive -

7. Homozygous dominant -

8. Heterozygous dominant -

9. Homozygous recessive -

10. Allele frequency -

Genotype and phenotype

1. Genotype -

2. Phenotype -

SEX AND GENETIC VARIABLITY

Segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes

1. Metaphase I -

2. Segregation -

3. Independent assortment -

4. 2ⁿ-

Crossover of homologues and gene recombination

1. Linked genes -

2. Recombinant chromosomes -

3. Crossover -

-a. Chiasma -

-b. Number -

-c. Chromosome length -

Random fertilization

1. Random fertilization –

2. Possible number -

TYPES OF INHERITANCE

Dominant-recessive inheritance

1. Human inheritance -

2. Punnett square -

-a. Percentages –

3. Phenylketouria –

4. Dominant traits -

-a. Normal traits -

-b. Dominant disorders –

5. Recessive traits -

-a. Positive traits -

-b. Recessive disorders -

-c. Carriers -

Incomplete dominance (intermediate inheritance)

1. Heterozygous -

2. Sickle cell anemia -

3. Sickle cell trait –

Multiple-allele inheritance: Codominance

1. Multiple-allele inheritance -

2. ABO blood groups -

3. Codominant –

4. Type A –

5. Type B –

6. Type AB –

7. Type O –

Sex determination

1. Sex chromosomes –

2. Females –

3. Males –

Sex-linked inheritance

1. Sex linked -

2. Sex chromosomes -

3. X-linked –

a. Recessive -

4. Y-linked -

Polygene inheritance

1. Polygene inheritance -

2. Skin color -

3. Continuous variation -

4. Bell shaped curve -

5. Other examples -