Unification between Basic Concepts in Universe, Society and Research

Defintion of Basic Concepts in Science of Pursuit

The Universe pursues largest negative action; society pursues largest happiness; economy pursues largest profit; research system pursues largest knowledge. By replacing negative action with the corresponding pursued quantity, the Universe can be explained as a system pursuing happiness, profit or knowledge. So sciences about largest negative action pursuit, largest happiness pursuit, largest profit pursuit and largest knowledge pursuit can be unified into one: Science of Pursuit. Science of pursuit tries to simplify truth the most by unifying sciences, avoiding infinite truth in infinite sciences.

Pursued quantity (marked as "-S"): When a system tries to make one quantity the largest, the quantity is called a pursued quantity. It is a real number.

The system is called a "pursuit system". In universe, the pursued quantity is negative action. Whole physics can be deduced from largest negative action principle, which is equivalent with least action principle.

Perfect pursuit system: a system that really makes pursued quantity larger than any other possible systems. Science of Perfect Pursuit studies all perfect pursuit systems. If the Universe pursues negative action perfectly, physics will be the same as Science of Perfect Pursuit.

Methodology: methodology guides pursuit, deciding pursuit efficiency and development speed. A pure pursuit system is decided by methodology and feelings. Basic natural laws are perfect pursuit methods. Their advantage can be tested in any pursuit system. They are followed in the Universe, but not totally followed in society because society does not pursue the best.

Feeling: feeling is the mathematical expression of pursued quantity, which is function of the abundant resources and scarce resources. All resources in a pursuit system can be classified into abundant resources and scarce resources.

In a close pursuit system, there are only feelings and methodology.

Pursuer: the smallest component of a pursuit system that pursues independently. The scarce resources has smaller probability to meet each other, so they are normally mutually independent. So occupying is normally independent: pursuers seldom exchange occupying.

Occupying: The scarce resources in a pursuit system are called occupying. Occupying is the quantity representing pursuer's desire and pursuit ability. It has two components: symmetrical occupying and anti-symmetrical occupying. Occupying corresponds to mass and charge in the Universe; to desire in society.

Symmetrical occupying (m): Symmetrical occupying is the pursued quantity from unit symmetrical occupied. All symmetrical occupying has the same sign. It is accumulative: representing the accumulation of pursuit results. It corresponds to mass in the universe, and to desire in society.

Anti-symmetrical occupying (q): Anti-symmetrical occupying is the pursued quantity from unit anti-symmetrical occupied. It can be both positive and negative for the same anti-symmetrical occupied. It corresponds to charge in the universe, and to sensitivity for price change in economy.

It corresponds to charge in the universe, and to sensitivity for price change in economy.

Competition and reciprocation: when two pursuers' anti-symmetrical occupying has the same sign, they are called "competitive pursuers". When two pursuers' anti-symmetrical occupying has opposite sign, they are called "reciprocal pursuers". And their relations are called "competition" and "reciprocation" respectively.

Occupied: The abundant resources in a pursuit system are called occupied. Occupying chooses from all possible occupied, and also produces occupied. It has two components: symmetrical occupied and anti-symmetrical occupied. Occupied corresponds to space-time and electromagnetic field in the Universe; to commodity and price in economy.

Symmetrical occupied (ds, dx_i): for all symmetrical occupying, their pursued quantity from occupying the same symmetrical occupied have the same sign. In the Universe, it is space-time distance. In economy, it is commodity.

In universe, it is space-time distance; in society, it is value of commodities (when competitive and reciprocal occupied are balanced).

Anti-symmetrical occupied (A_i): Pursued quantity from occupying the same anti-symmetrical occupied can be both positive and negative, depending on the sign of anti-symmetrical occupying.

In universe, it is electromagnetic potential; in society, it is price. Anti-symmetrical occupied is also called pursuit condition, because it measures the influence of environment. Pursuit condition represents the total influence form competition and reciprocation. For pursuers with the same symmetrical occupying, they change state to adapt pursuit condition the best.

Symmetrical pursuit: Symmetrical occupying only pursues symmetrical occupied. The pursuit process is called "symmetrical pursuit".

Anti-symmetrical pursuit: anti-symmetrical occupying pursues anti-symmetrical occupied. The pursuit process is called "anti-symmetrical pursuit".

Development: success of pursuit will lead to the growth of symmetrical occupying and symmetrical occupied. The growth of symmetrical occupied means larger system scale, called system expansion. It corresponds to expansion in the Universe, to development in society, to knowledge progress in research.

Development degree: pursuers at the same development stage are called pursuers with the same development degree. Pursuers with higher development degree have larger occupying. In a developing system, later particles usually have higher development degree than earlier particles. Particles in stronger gravitational field have larger developing speed difference.

Possible state: it is a combination of occupied from different pursuers.

Market: set of all possible states. It corresponds to space-time in physics. Current market corresponds to space.

The main difference between occupying and occupied is: occupying is always realized (occupying some occupied), while occupied are just possible to be occupied (most occupied are not occupied).

In non-quantum universe, a pursuer has one state at one time. But a perfect pursuer can have many states simultaneously. Total occupied is sum of occupied from all states.

When pursuers do not exchange occupying, they are called "independent pursuers". Quantum Electrodynamics studies "independent pursuers" only. When pursuers exchange occupying, it is strong and weak interaction.

Table: Concept Unification

Abstract concept	Corresponding concept in each pursuit system			Properties between concepts
Abstract concept	In Universe	In Society	In Research	Properties between concepts
Pursued quantity	Negative action	Happiness (profit in economy)	Knowledge
Pursuit system	the universe	Society (economy)	research
Perfection	yes	imperfect	imperfect
Occupying	Particle's momentum-energy and charge-current	Personal desire to pursue more commodity and better price	Fact and theory's desire to pursue more proof-explanation relation and less contradiction	including symmetrical occupying and anti-symmetrical occupying
Anti-symmetrical occupying	Positive and negative charge	Producer and consumer, their marginal desire to price change	Theories and facts,	Mutual attraction and mutual repulsion is the mechanism for expansion
Symmetrical occupying	Particles' momentum-energy	People's desire for commodity	Fact and theory's desire for proof and explanation	accumulation of pursuit results
Occupied	Space-time distance and electromagnetic field	Commodities and prices	Possible proof and explanation	including symmetrical occupied and anti-symmetrical occupied
Market (set of possible states for pursuers)	Space-time	Market	Researcher's mind	Pursuers move in market; possible contracts search pursuer in market
Pursuer	particle	Actual state of a consumer or a producer	Actual state of facts and theories	Realized mapping between occupying and occupied
Possible contract (include possible reciprocity and possible competition)	Charge's field potential at a point	Offered price and price trend of a commodity to a possible pursuer state	Possible contradiction and possible explanation-proof from a pursuer	Possible contract is released from pursuer into market; chosen by pursuer from market
Reciprocity	Electromagnetic potential energy between opposite charges	Exchange between producer and consumer	Explanation-proof relation between a theory and a fact	Increasing the two pursuers' pursued quantity
Competition	Electromagnetic potential energy between like charges	Relation between producers or consumers through commodity exchange	Relation between two theories or two facts	Reducing the two pursuers' pursued quantity
Pursuer's pursuit process	Particle's orbit	Pursuer's history	Research history of a concept
System expansion	Universe expansion	development	Knowledge progress	Accumulative occupying grows, result of correct pursuit
Distribution of expansion speed	Gravitational field; curved space-time. Mechanism for the formation of stars and galaxies.	Mechanism for the origin of large cities and city groups	Mechanism for the origin of subjects
unstable anti-symmetrical occupied	Particles' kinetic energy and energy of photons	Unstable pursuit conditions for pursuers	Unstable explanations and proofs, unavoidable for the formation of a theory	The source of system expansion
occupying exchange	Strong Interaction	desire exchange between persons	Analogy between facts or theories	Source of unstable occupying
Methodology	Basic natural laws	Social system, including statute laws and moral laws	Methods guiding research	must be complete and consistent in a pursuit system

Unification for Basic Existences in Universe, Society and Research

Besides universe, there are two fairly independent pursuit systems: research and society. In this part, I establish a detailed mapping between basic existence in the three pursuit systems.

Pursuer is the state that desire and commodity mutually occupies each other, like an individual in society. Similarly, particle is the state that momentum and space-time mutually occupies each other. In research, facts and theories are pursuers. Researchers are their agents: guiding facts and theories to states with more knowledge. A particle's orbit is similar to pursuit experiences of a person in society and evolution of a concept in research.

In universe, there are positive and negative charges. In society, there are consumers and producers, a consumer attracts producers and repels other consumers. In research, theories explain facts; facts prove theories, similar to attraction. There is contradiction between theories or facts.

Price difference is similar to electromagnetic potential difference. Especially, price tendency is similar to vector potential. Charge-current is similar to pursuer's sensitivity to price difference, desire change brought by unit price difference. If a producer distributes price properly, similar to field distribution of a charge, consumers will be attracted and other producers will be repelled. Attractive price corresponds to negative potential in physics. In research, facts and theories have opposite influence to explanation and contradiction environment. Explanation is similar to negative potential energy. Contradiction is similar to positive potential energy.

In universe, there is space-time, in which all particles exist and exchange field with each other. Similarly in society, there is market, in which consumers and producers live in and exchange reciprocal and competitive information. Field propagates in space-time; information propagates in market. In research, researcher's mind is a common place for facts and theories to exist and interact with each other.

Momentum-energy is action from the last unit of displacement. In society, desire is happiness from the last unit of commodity. In research, desire of a concept is knowledge from the last unit of application.

In universe, fusion provides unstable energy. Analogy provides new energy for knowledge progress. Merging and collaboration provides new energy for economy.

For all pursuit systems following the same axioms as universe does, the best laws ought to be the same as natural laws. Since people are reluctant to change their imperfect happiness feelings to satisfy the axioms, research maybe the first man-made perfect pursuit system, because knowledge feelings are appointed by researchers. The main difficulty on perfecting society is how to satisfy the axioms. Pursuit systems following the same axioms as universe are pursuit systems with “perfect feelings”.

Basic natural laws are perfect pursuit methods. Their advantage can be tested in any pursuit system. They are followed in the Universe, but not totally followed in society because society does not pursue the best. Here are some perfect methods. An independent pursuer chooses state for its feelings. Space-time forms a unified market--there is no boundary for pursuer motion and field propagation. All pursuers are equal in front of pursuit methods. Pursuer reacts to field at once. In universe, there is no action equality.

People have different impressions on society and universe. Firstly, because they use different methodology; secondly, because their pursued quantities do not have the same mathematical expression; thirdly, because they are observed with different methods. In universe, the pursued quantity is the only observable quantity. In society, there are two observable quantities. Sometimes, people measure the pursued quantity roughly, like happiness, knowledge, importance, etc. But in most situations, people measure natural properties, like mass, number, etc. For example, "one apple" uses natural properties twice: "one" and "apple". If people just observe happiness and expected happiness in society, society will be much more similar to universe.

Society can be observed like Universe

People have completely different impressions about universe, society and research. There are mainly two reasons. One is methodology difference; the other is observation difference. Observing all pursuit system with our eyes, with photon exchange, will hide their similarities, but observing all PS with "the corresponding photon exchange process in the PS" will reveal their similarities.

Suppose there is an intelligent living thing without feelings of mankind. It does not know what our happiness is and can not understand our commodities and desires. But if it observes a perfect society in the following way, it can measure expected pursued quantity of "commodity" and "desire", just like we observe space and particle.

Unlike universe, society and research are imperfect. For example, set of possible occupied states is not continuous in present market. But similarities between society and universe are largely hidden behind different observation method. If people observe universe in the following way, society will be very similar to universe.

(a) Compare actual states in the background of possible occupied states.

But in society, people usually locate a person in the background of space-time, which is set of possible occupied states for particles, not for human beings.

(b) Observe an independent pursuer as an entirety.

But in society, people observe personal supplies discretely, like a car, a house, etc, not observing personal state as a whole, similar to observe every piece of field input by particle.

But in society, people often observe a person by exchanging photons, which are possible contracts for particles, not for human beings.

(d) Measure possible occupying and possible occupied by expected pursued quantity.

In universe, we observe energy and length. In society, people also measure mass and length, which is occupying and occupied for universe, not for society.

When (a) is followed, you will observe "space" in society; when (b) is followed, you will observe "particles" in society; when (c) is followed, you will observe "field" in society; when (d) is followed, you will measure “energy” and “length” in society.

If observing society and research as above, they will be much more similar to universe than what you think now. Then elementary physical quantities will exist in society and research, but value is arbitrary--personal desire does not need to equal to a particle's mass.

In society, even if happiness is unified, people will find that their market is much more complex than space-time, unless they measure commodity and desire by expected happiness. It is also true for any pursuit system.

Biology Evolution is result of cells' pursuit?

Besides the above pursuit systems, there is another possible candidate.

Darwin discovered Evolutionism in biology, but his observation is mainly macroscopic. In the universe, particles are pursuers; in society, persons are pursuers. In biology, in order to explain evolution between different creatures, cells ought to be the pursuers.

Every pursuit system follows a kind of evolutionism: expansion of system is decided by pursuers' adaptive behaviors in the set of possible states.

Biology evolution is also a expanding process for cells, although very slow compared with human beings' social development. Biology evolution is macroscopic result of cells' pursuit. Human beings are similar to a stars in the pursuit systems of cells. So social development is macroscopic result of cells' pursuit.

A cell has ability to choose what to input from environment, although the ability is imperfect: cannot prevent some harmful matter from coming inside. A cell also has ability to choose what to output, although the ability is imperfect too: cannot output correctly at some states. A cell has ability to move toward a better state, although the ability is very weak. For an imperfect pursuit system, if behaviors are averagely good enough, the pursuit system can expand, although it cannot expand the fastest.

For two cells, if one's output is wanted by the other, it is similar to mutual attraction.

Cells tend to form groups, similar to gravity.

Environment, like body fluid, is similar to market. Exchange between two cells includes three steps: a cell outputs a matter, the matter flows in environment, the matter will be absorbed by another cell. Similarly in universe, each interaction includes three steps: a charge outputs field, field propagates in space, field inputs by charge.

Above is the micro-mechanism for biology evolution, from unicellular life to human beings. Reproduction and heredity just keep number of cells to increase, to offset an imperfect property for cells: death.

What is future of human beings, becoming perfect human beings or to perfect cells?

The former seems to be the correct answer, but I do not know any a priori reason to deny the latter.

The weakest condition for expansion

The necessary and sufficient condition for a pursuit system to expand forever is that the expected pursued quantity is always positive. From my discussion about universe, society, research and biology evolution, the following microscopic behaviors are necessary for a pursuit system to expand.

--Pursuer has some right and ability to choose what to input, what to output and where to move.

--Some pursuers want to input some of the other pursuers' output; some of their output is also required by some of the other pursuers.

--There is one or several market, from which pursuers choose what to input, to store pursuers' output.

--Pursuers' pursued quantity and field stored in market have some stability.

Home