U.S. Army/Air Force Aviation Journal

Vol. 2 No. 1

January 2004


www.combatreform.com/usarmyaviationjournaljanuary2004.htm
www.oocities.org/usarmyaviationdigest/january2004.htm
Table of Contents

EDITORIAL

Army ignores retired LTC Wilcox, where is the Army Aviation vision while our men are dying in slow, poorly camouflaged helicopters in Iraq?

LETTERS

URGENT! every Soldier needs QUIK-CLOT!

ATAX is the CAS/observation answer

Not enough Soldiers?

What about the USMC AH-1Ws?

GEOSTRATEGIC

Army Transformation Light, Medium, Heavy: why it is so

OPERATIONAL

U.S. Army/Air Force Special Operations: return of seaplanes

TECHNOTACTICAL

Evading enemy MANPADS and air-burst RPGS, Camouflaged helicopters anyone?

The T-6B Texan II: is this the Army's next observation/attack aircraft, the OV-6B?

DoD HOT LINKS

Carlton Meyer's www.G2mil.com

December 2004 Articles

Letters - comments from G2milreaders

Absorb the Air National Guard - into the Air Force Reserve

Gun Launched Decoys - can mimic aircraft

US marine corps Fat - freeing manpower for more grunt units

US Military Worldwide Base List (pdf) - a detailed report

Army Lessons Learned (pdf) - Iraq and Afghanistan

Al Jazeera - what Arabs read

Does al-Qaeda exist? - hyping the threat

Worse than Crimes - the U.S. Army proves incompetent in counterinsurgency

Nuclear Watchdog Ignores Israel - and so does the U.S. media

Former CIA agent was hung out to dry - a victim of politics

Secrecy News - from FAS

Ammunition Shortage Worried Iraq War Planners - a problem never solved

U.S. crackdown on bioterror is backfiring - U.S. scientists fear the Feds

Letters - comments from G2mil readers

G2mil Library

Previous G2mil - November 2003 issue

Transforming National Defense

Library Tour Visit G2mil's library

PME HOT LINK

CAPITAL SHIP FOR AN AIR NAVY By Commander C. H. Liebhauser, U. S. Navy SEPTEMBER 1957 U.S. Naval Institute PROCEEDINGS

E-mail U.S. Army Air Force Aviation Journal Staff

ON THE RADIO

General David Grange's Veterans Radio Hour

Return to U.S. Army/Air Force Aviation Journal home page, click here

EDITORIAL

U.S. ARMY IGNORES LTC WILCOX'S CALL FOR AIR COVER OVER IRAQ

DoD Sec Defense Rumsfeld said:

"We need to change not only the capabilities at our disposal, but also how we think about war. All the high-tech weapons in the world will not transform the US armed forces unless we also transform the way we think, the way we train, the way we exercise and the way we fight."

--SecDef Rumsfeld's Remarks to National Defense University, 31 Jan 02

Yet, here is what retired LTC Greg Wilcox found from the Army when he tried to share a "transformational" idea that would save lives in Iraq with actual continuous 24/7/365 air cover:

"Good luck on a reply. I sent a copy of my ppt presentation on "Where are the Cessnas?" to Schoomaker via e-mail but never got the courtesy of a reply. Likewise I sent a copy to the G3 shop. There I was told it was sent to the Army Initiatives Group (read Dead Letter drop). Never got a reply from them. Never got a reply from the chief of Army Aviation. Never got a reply from the Secretary of the Air Force.

It used to be a simple courtesy to just send a note, but I think the current people have "better things to do". I have to admit that I don't know if any of the above received my e-mails (other than the G3 HQDA). But I did verify the e-mail addresses before I sent them.

General Krulak made a point of keeping an open line for any e-mail inputs, and he personally replied to every one. I don't know how much time that took him, but you can bet it got peoples' attention. Seems to me too that Edward Lansdale and Ramon Magsaysay invented what was called the 5 cent telegram in the PI during the Huk rebellion of the '50s to get feedback from the people -- and it is said that Magsaysay answered every one (or at least one of his people did). Talk about information operations 101....

There is NO mechanism for feedback to the Army that I can tell.

They did away with happy hour in the '70s. They tried to do away with companycommand.net, a network started up by an enterprising group of former company commanders at West Point to share the knowledge needed to run a company. The colonel in charge of the young majors running the net told them that they had to prove measures of effectiveness or else it would be eliminated. I hope that colonel is no longer in the Army, but at least companycommand.net is still on the air.

The point is, that there is no routine way for people with any desire to submit legitimate suggestions to the Army to do so. In an open organization, this would be encouraged. In business, it is encouraged. In DOD it is not wanted, and such ideas are treated and even labeled as 'crackpot'.

There is too much reliance on contractors and blue chip panels made up of cronies to provide studies and services which tell the Government that what it is doing is really good. One example of this, are the two recent Welch Panels on the FCS. Essentially, they rubber-stamped the FCS. General Schoomaker sat on the first of these panels. This seems to assuage the Army that they are getting 'outside' input. There is very little reliance on any other outside input -- even from magazine articles or internet groups such as this.

So the real question is, how do you make an impact? How do you talk to the CSA? How do you contribute - other than by going along with AUSA or any other 'approved' lobby group? I think this is a legitimate question, and I for one will be interested to see if you get a response out of the CSA."

Greg Wilcox

WHERE IS THE ARMY AVIATION VISION?

The last Army Chief of Staff, indeed, did set an important, valid goal for the Army of moving at least one armored Brigade Combat Team anywhere in the world within 96 hours. Yes, he chose an impotent and overweight 19-21 ton Stryker armored car unable to facilitate this goal. However, the goal is still vital if we want to get there in time to catch Bin Ladens fleeing across nearby borders. Gen Schoomaker and the other Joint Chiefs were just on a panel discussion on CSPAN2 December 3. A weenie reporter from Texas asked him about V-22s for the Army as selfish plug to get Bell Textron "pork" in his home state. Gen Schoomaker said he wanted the SPEED/DISTANCE the V-22 offers so he wouldn't have refuel 4 times like for the Iran rescue operation but he was non-commital to V-22 or the C-130 size quad-tilt-rotor. He said he would see how USMC and USAF does with V-22. I interpret that to meaning that he is aware that V-22 might not work and utterly fail. He also did same thing earlier when discussing the Stryker armored car brigades---"its in Iraq we'll see how it works out". This is a good sign; my guess is he knows the criticisms of these deathtraps and has distanced himself from them so when they fail he can move in a better direction; ie: TRACKED FCS and Piasecki VTDP.

We can fix the Stryker mess by making it an MP vehicle and upgrading light tracked M113 Gavins for Airborne units and M973A2 Ridgways for Air Assault units to be our 3D force platforms.

However, the latest news is that Army Aviation's number #1 priority is "BLADE EROSION cost reductions". The Chief's Army Aviation transformation board is going to have to do better than this.

Since when does cutting COSTS constitute a VISION for the future?

Why don't we just stop having Army Aviation at all?, costs then would be ZERO.

Here we are in the 21st century, with Army Aviators getting shot down and our people killed in slow and short-ranged conventional helicopters and the Army Aviation "vision" is to spend $1 BILLION on making UH-60Ms with glass cockpits for MENTAL improvements but no PHYSICAL increases in range or speed?


Would blade erosion kits and glass cockits have prevented this UH-60 Blackhawk from being shot down over Iraq killing 6 brave Soldiers? 100+ mph of speed and a tan or gray camouflage paint scheme might have saved the helicopter and the Americans on board.

The UH-60M is such a minimal improvement, U.S. Army Infantry Center/School said "non-concur" to that purchase; yet the aircraft rebuilds went ahead anyway. SHAME ON YOU, SIKORSKY. SHAME ON YOU, ARMY AVIATION CENTER. The grunts in the back apparently do not count. Clearly DoD and the Army are infatuated with computer mentalism and out of touch with the PHYSICAL world we live in and the struggles it takes to get supremacy in it. Everything is solvable by a "mouse-click" to them; put a computerized cockpit inside and this somehow blocks out whats's going on in the PHYSICAL world around you? The small-arms fire, RPGs and MANPADS are just figments of the imagination. Just label a problem; call it a sexy buzzword like "asymmetric warfare" and you've got the enemy beat. Call a gadgetized helicopter a new designation; "UH-60M" and it suddenly is all it needs to be.

Clearly, its high time that U.S. Army Aviators from across the world, past, present and future to stand up and demand that Army Aviation meet the PHYSICAL challenge of BCT 96-hour deployability and make its helicopters fly farther and faster as well as to acquire its own fixed-wing transports and observation/attack aircraft. Last year, we outlined how the C-27J Spartan twin turboprop transport in the hands of the Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR) would begin to fill the void left when the Caribou was taken away from the Army by the USAF then promptly retired. A squadron of C-27Js in Iraq would do wonders resupplying Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) flanking the hotly contested roads where enemy explosive devices are taking a daily toll of American lives. Or the USAF or civilian contract C-130s could do this if we can use longer runways at FOBs.

Look at the picture at the top of this page!

Its a flight of U.S. Army CV-2 Caribou STOL transports circa 1960s....when Army Aviation was CAN-DO, not "we can't do, we have to cut costs". These aircraft are SELF-DEPLOYING TO VIETNAM HALF A WORLD AWAY IN UNDER 3 DAYS, something we can't do today. The U.S. Army Aviation units of the 1960s could better resupply Army FOBs than our Army can today in Iraq! Its high time we start living UP (not down) to the legacy of the brave Army Aviators who went before us. This means meeting the demands of the dangerous world head-on, not going off into a comfortable corner or "lane" and be irrelevent.

For the cowardly towards the "big, bad USAF fixed-wing aircraft mafia", we remind them that the U.S. Army already owns and operate 6 x 4-engined RC-7A/B STOL fixed-wing aircraft as "Airborne Reconnaissance Low" (ARLs). That's 1-2-3-4-5-6, half a "squadron" in USAF parlance. Maybe we should stop acting like cowards and stand up for our Army and Army Aviation and get the money from Congress to get the tools we need to WIN instead of cowering around whining about blade erosion kits. If we need fixed-wing aircraft (WE DO) then we get them. Its a wonder why none of the Army's excellent RC-7 recon aircraft are flying over the 350 km MSR in Iraq where bad guys are placing roadside bombs to kill Americans at will. When an Army General officer decided he needed RC-7s he got them, amazing what happens when those with rank give a damn and go to bat for the troops. These are aircraft even bigger than the Caribou:

From Global Security RC-7 web page: www.globalsecurity.org/_inc/quinstreet.htm

The Airborne Reconnaissance Low (ARL) is a multifunction, day/night, all weather reconnaissance intelligence asset developed and fielded by the Army in support of an urgent requirement for a low profile intelligence aircraft. It consists of a modified DeHavilland DHC-7 fixed-wing aircraft equipped with communications intelligence (COMINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT), and Moving Target Indicator/Synthetic Aperture Radar (MTI/SAR) mission payloads. The payloads are controlled and operated via onboard open-architecture, multi-func-tion workstations. Intelligence collected on the ARL can be analyzed and recorded on the aircraft workstations in real-time or stored on-board for post-mission processing. During multi-aircraft missions, data can be shared between cooperating aircraft via ultra high frequency (UHF) air-to-air datalink to allow multi-platform COMINT geolocation operations. The ARL system includes a variety of communications subsystems to support near-real-time dissemination of intelligence and dynamic retasking of the aircraft.

The DeHavilland of Canada Dash-7, a four-engine, turboprop, commuter airplane was chosen as the platform for SIGINT and IMINT collection. The Dash-7 aircraft's ability to operate out of austere runways, its ability to carry the mission payload and its endurance led to the Dash-7's selection. It is an extensively modified aircraft that has a higher maximum gross weight and extended range capability added in the ARL conversions. The Dash-7 is a medium sized, four-engine, passenger and cargo transport. It is pressurized and can operate at up to 20,400 feet with a full mission crew. Mission duration can be up to eight hours with a range of 1,400 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 230 knots. Proposed future engines and "wet wing" fuel tanks may extend the range to 2,800 nautical miles. The cockpit has been upgraded to Airspace 2000 standards.

This year we will discuss how the C-27J Spartan could be made Extreme Short Take-Off and Landing (ESTOL) capable to land on water, snow, ice and literally almost anywhere. To go FORWARD not backwards---in physical capabilities. The C-27J can air-mech light tracked Armored Fighting Vehicles like the M113A4 Gavin and the ultra-light M973A2 Ridgway up-armored Small Unit Support Vehicle to create "Air-Mech-Strike" capabilities within both Army light and heavy units. A small fleet of C-27Js could shuttle supplies safely thousands of feet above MANPADS, RPGs and land mines in Iraq instead of running hundreds of vulnerable trucks up and down 350 kilometers of roads easily ambushed by the enemy.

What most people do not know is that the active U.S. Army and National Guard DO operate fixed-wing transports: C-23s, C-25s and C-26s. Under the Aviation Restructuring Initiative (ARI) the Army says it needs 54 x M3T2 aircraft to simplify these aircraft down to one type called the Multi-Mission Medium Tactical Transport (M3T2).

Multi-Mission Tactical Transport

ARI REQUIREMENTS

C-XX Short Range (SR); mission currently performed by U-21, et al
C-XX Medium Range (MR); currently performed by C-12
C-20 Long Range (LR); currently performed by C-20, C-21
Multi-Mission Medium Tactical Transport (M3T2), currently performed by C-23, C-26

Our Army is getting clobbered hauling supplies in unarmored trucks in Iraq. We could quickly and inexpensively convert the former SOUTHCOM 7 x C-27As sitting in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB and make them into U.S. Army C-27Js to haul supplies by air into FOBs and avoid Iraqi road side bombs. The C-27J should be the Army's Multi-Mission Medium Tactical Transport (M3T2) because it has the payload, range, speed and roll-on/off loading rear ramp required to quickly offload supplies by airland/airdrop to resupply our Soldiers in combat zones. The Golden Knights Army parachute demonstration team could improve their performances with a large ramp equipped aircraft to exit more jumpers out at a time.

We will further outline how Army helicopters could double their speed and range via Piasecki VTDP technology to enable world-wide self-deployments as well as 3D air-mechanized asaults that beat the enemy's optically aimed-weapons.

The fact that conventional helicopters are noisy and costly to maintain and fly, combined with the failure of UAVs to actively scout for Iraqi enemies demands that the Army obtain a 2-seat fixed-wing observation/attack aircraft. That aircraft can be an upgraded T/A-37 or the T-6B Texan II attack version of the current T-6A USAF trainer, dubbed an "OV-6B".

The following above constitutes an Army Aviation "vision". However, if we continue to be led by leaders without vision we will not have to worry long about blades having any "erosion".

How should Army Aviation operate from the dirt in the future?

The critical factor driving the rotary-wing VTOL versus ESTOL fixed-wing issue is how much and what type space on the GROUND is require: runway yes or no?. To get VTOL capability to not need runways with helicopters extracts a huge price in maintenance costs and you get a platform that doesn't fly fast or far.

What is the heartburn with having to make a runway anyway?

In WWII, smaller prop-driven fixed-wing attack aircraft could take off from grassy fields without any smoothed out runway. Today, even helicopters after awhile need their landing spots smoothed over and hardened by mo-mats etc. The longer you stay/operate aircraft from one location, the more engineering you need towards the ground; be it a runway to roll down and create lift over fixed wings or to keep dirt from flying during rotary-wing hovering take-offs and landings.

The O-2 SkyMaster can operate from 1,000 foot long runway; with Wren type STOL devices under 300 feet. 300 feet is a football field. Most fixed-wing UAVs will need at least a football field anyway to operate from. So why not obtain a fixed-wing CAS/MAS observation/attack unmanned/manned combat air vehicle (U/MCAV) since small fields will be created anyway? Crop duster pilots do ESTOL every day. Why not the U.S. Army? The Army used to do this with its O-1 Bird Dog aircraft in Korea and Vietnam. The German Army in WWII had General Rommel hoping in and flying a Fleisher Storch ESTOL observation aircraft. General Patton knew how to fly our "Grasshopper" observation aircraft. I think the helicopter-as-a-V/TOL-panacea mentality has smothered out the fixed-wing aircraft from Army Aviation and its wrong. We need both, if anything helicopters need to become part-fixed wing.

Flying in Laos During the Vietnam War

www.neto.com/rcr/flying.html

The aircraft also had the Wren STOL conversion kit. This meant it was outfitted for truly low-speed flying and short takeoffs and landings. Big Fowler flaps, a Canard surface up front (a kind of front-mounted auxiliary elevator that helped at low speeds) were the main mods that allowed this plane to stay in the air at about 30 miles and hour!

Most of my landings were made power off, that is, in a gliding mode. Flying power-off teaches you better how to land an airplane. You must judge your glide, put your flaps down at the right time, be mindful of the steepness of your turns, and so on, to land at a predetermined spot on the runway or in the jungle. Another advantage is that you do not depend upon the engine to "pull" you to your landing spot. Dragging in with flaps down and high power can really set you up for a rude shock if the engines falters or quits. Like dropping into a lake, a cliff, a house, or whatever.

RETURN OF THE CESSNA BIRD DOG?

The Army used to have artillery spotter planes like the O-1 Bird Dog that could land and take-off under 300 feet. LTC Wilcox is absolutely right that the Army can and should have small observation planes to do COIN missions.

What the hell happened?

The U.S. Army's own Field Manual, FM 90-8 "Counterguerrilla Operations" Chapter 3 states:

b. The guerrilla knows this and will attempt to capitalize on it by engaging US forces at locations where US fire would endanger civilians or damage their property. While the temptation to return fire may be great, a few dead or injured enemy will in no way compensate for the ill will of the local populace if some innocent civilians are killed or injured or their homes and property destroyed.

e. No matter what political atmosphere prevails in the host country, the brigade commander must engage the guerrilla with every asset at the commander's disposal.

If the commander encounters government officials who habitually hinder operations against the guerrillas through incompetence, self-interest, or suspected sympathy for the guerrilla cause, he should document his case and forward it to the next higher commander for disposition.

[EDITOR: HAAA! WHAT DO YOU DO IF ITS YOUR OWN DOD AND ARMY BUREAUCRATS?]

(d) Aviation assets (augmentation from division).

(e) Aerial imagery reconnaissance (from corps).

These units conduct independent operations such as patrols and ambushes, under centralized control (company or battalion). This enables them to cover more area simultaneously than a larger unit and still have the firepower to deal with the typical guerrilla unit they might encounter.

Counterguerrilla forces most possess mobility equal to or greater than that of the guerrilla in order to find, fix, fight, and pursue him.

(2) Commanders should not overburden Soldiers with excessive loads because the guerrillas will be able to outrun them. Soldiers should carry only the things they need to find and fix the guerrilla. Once this is accomplished, they can be resupplied by ground or air.

The use of indirect fire, while effective in some cases, is not a substitute for maneuver.

[EDITOR: DOES RUMMY/WOLFIE/DOD/USAF/"RMA" CROWD KNOW THIS?]

f. Patience. Counterguerrilla forces must anticipate long periods without making contact. The guerrilla knows he is outnumbered and outgunned and avoids engagement unless it is on his terms. Counterguerrilla forces should not develop a false sense of security if it appears the guerrilla has ceased operations in their area. It must be assumed that the guerrilla is always observing the operating patterns of the counterguerrilla force for weak points, and waiting for lax security to strike with minimum risk. A guerrilla attack must be expected at any time.

[EDITOR: EVERYBODY FIGHTS, EVERYBODY WORKS. COIN IS A NON-LINEAR BATTLEFIELD.

EVERY VEHICLE A COMBAT VEHICLE.]

(6) The reserve unit should be highly mobile. Air transport is the preferred method for moving the reserve because it is fast and not dependent on open ground routes as are motorized or mechanized modes of transport. Whatever its mode of transportation, the reserve's vehicles are dedicated to the reserve and immediately available for employment.

3-10. Organization.
Brigades assigned strike campaign missions either are relieved from area responsibility in advance of the mission or, preferably, are constituted as specialized forces held at the national or regional levels. Brigade strike forces are organized as self-sufficient task forces capable of operating in areas remote from logistical bases. Brigades are assigned support bases in secure areas for elements not committed to operations.

b. Patrolling by counterguerrilla forces increases the chances of detecting guerrillas before they can emplace mines or demolitions, or establish ambushes or roadblocks. During Phases I and II of an insurgent action, military police can do most of the patrolling of ground lines of communication, but the tactical situation may dictate combat forces having to perform this mission.

d. Aerial patrols are effective for covering large areas in a short time.

e. Surface patrols are slower, but they can check routes in greater detail. Surface patrol members must be trained in the detection of mines and booby traps. Mine detectors and infantry scout dogs, if available, may aid them in this task.

j. Engineers are used to help keep lines of communication open. They can locate and clear mines, clear potential ambush sites, and repair damage. They may also prepare defensive systems around chokepoints.

(3) Aircraft. Experience has shown that the presence of aircraft deters ambushes. Column movement covered by traveling overwatch or bounding overwatch attack helicopters, in conjunction with a route reconnaissance by scout helicopters or fixed-wing strike aircraft, maybe requested. Planning includes the type, number, and method of employment of aircraft. Methods of employment include column cover, air alert, and ground alert. Column cover by fighter aircraft is expensive in terms of crew fatigue and equipment maintenance; therefore, light observation-type aircraft that can direct on-call air support are used for short movements over frequently used routes in more secure areas. When air support is planned, communications information concerning radio frequencies, call signs, and identification procedures is provided to all who may need to use them. In addition, the supporting air unit knows the maneuver intentions of the ground element in case of ambush.

This maybe done by placing pickets along critical stretches of the route or by selective placement of tactical units.

d. Convoys may be escorted by reconnaissance aircraft or attack helicopters and may have tactical air support on call. The use of reconnaissance Army aircraft to survey routes immediately forward of a convoy often provides early warning of danger.

3-54. Armor and cavalry movement.
a. During movements, unit vehicles and equipment are arranged to facilitate their employment upon contact with, or interference from, the enemy. Traveling, traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch techniques are used in movement. (See FM 71-2 for armor ground movement security techniques, and FM 17-95 for cavalry movement techniques.)

b. Air cavalry can be used to provide column cover and to give early warning of hostile activity. Security measures are employed to keep the enemy from learning of the movement or its destination once the column has begun moving.

c. Terrain and weather permitting, aground security force (advance guard, flank security, and/or rear guards) are used to provide security. When terrain precludes the use of these ground security elements, air cavalry may perform these activities as part of the security mission.

b. The population density requires emphasis on the use of nonlethal weapons and the careful use of weapons of destruction when force is necessary. The application of "minimum essential force" to minimize loss of life and destruction of property requires detailed planning, coordination, and control.

[EDITOR: WHAT RIOT CONTROL AGENTS? WE CANT USE CS TEAR GAS ANYMORE THANKS TO BUSH I.]

"Substitution of tracked carriers for wheeled vehicles provides an increased potential for battlefield mobility"

[EDITOR: AMEN. NOT TO MENTION BETTER ARMOR PROTECTION.]

"Light aircraft may be used to drop messages and to relay radio messages."

WHAT LIGHT OBSERVATION AIRCRAFT IN IRAQ?

The crisis in Iraq demands we get a manned observation aircraft now; be it O-2s from the boneyard, borrowed T-6As from the USAF fitted with ordnance hard poiints, new purchase Army T-6Bs (OV-6Bs?) or retiring USAF T-37s or A-37s from the boneyard or open market. The Pilatus TurboPorter (PC-6) has ESTOL capabilities in use by the Army's Golden Knights parachute demonstration team and armed is known as the AU-23. We could buy these aircraft for Iraq.

When our military was CAN-DO, not can't do: armed TurboPorters

One intruiging option to get a manned eye-in-the-sky, is to do as LTC Wilcox suggests, buy some Cessna 182s for Iraq and modify them with Wren/Robinson STOL devices to take-off and land from football field sized runways like TurboPorters and Bird Dogs. One conversion kit is done by Peterson called the 260SE.

www.260se.com/performance.html

History of the 260SE

In the late 1950's, Jim Robertson designed a STOL aircraft named the "Skyshark." It featured many STOL devices not seen before. Although the aircraft was a technical success, it was too expensive to produce.

Some of the best features of the Skyshark were then applied to the proven Cessna 182 airframe to produce the Wren 460. The Wren featured full span, double slotted flaps, movable spoilers called "wren's teeth" to assist in roll control, and a very innovative idea for its day, a movable high lift canard.

The Wren achieved a worldwide reputation for being the only safe STOL airplane ever built. It achieved this by not relying on dangerous high angles of attack, and operation behind the power curve to achieve it's safe STOL performance. The Wren's safe, slow flight characteristics saw the Wren being used in many different roles.

After Todd Peterson had built numerous Wrens in the early 1980s, he decided to certify a new airplane that would replace the Wren.

Based upon customer input, the new airplane would be faster, carry more weight, have a higher service ceiling and have improved handling characteristics. All this was to be done without giving up short field ability, its safe, flat attitude at low speeds, or its stall resistance. Thus, the 260SE/STOL was produced in 1986 after two years of FAA certification.

260SE Performance

The 260SE takes off and lands short and displays the same safe flat attitude after liftoff. No unsafe high angles of attack here even with a 4,500 foot density altitude. Most all pilots would agree that the high angle of attack, and "hang-on-the-prop" type of performance is absolutely dangerous. If a power failure or wind sheer should occur during operation in the STOL mode it would be disastrous. This is the trade-off for other STOL aircraft. Only the 260SE can fly safely while in the STOL mode.

The 260SE has the ability to safely execute a forced landing during a STOL takeoff. Compare this to the fatalities that would surely result from this happening to a conventional STOL aircraft that hangs on the prop.

With only idle power, the 260SE will loiter at slow speeds in a safe flat attitude with outstanding stall resistance and fantastic over the nose visibility. The loiter speed is only 50 knots.

The 260SE has outstanding maneuverability after takeoff. Steep turns may be made either direction immediately after take off.

Performance

www.260se.com/images/specs.gif

Bushmaster $81,803*

Designed to work in the back country with unimproved landing areas. Incorporates oversized tires, heavy duty nose fork, heavy duty axles and brakes, along with the time-proven leaf spring landing gear. Takeoff and landing distances are 385 ft. at gross weight and cruise speed is 140 knots. All other performance figures are the same as our 260SE/STOL. This airplane is the perfect utility airplane, or perfect for traveling to all those out-of-the-way spots. Price based on using the Cessna 182N airframe. If a wing leading edge cuff is desired, add $3,800.

Clearly, the U.S. Army immediately needs a fixed-wing, MANNED observation/attack aircraft for Iraqi COIN operations. The reason is this; the primary Main Supply Route (MSR) for U.S. forces from east of Baghdad to Mosul is 350 kilometers long and only being cleared by Military Police (MPs). MPs are not up to the job of setting up night ambushes to get the poor Iraqis being paid to do Ba'athist party dirty work. The Combat Engineers who should be clearing the way of roadside bombs are helping the infantry in cities play wannabe Delta Force or are rebuilding Iraqi infrastructure destroyed during the "Shock and Awe" bombardment done to give the USAF fighter-bomber jocks something to do. We need air surveillance over this 350 km MSR 24/7/365 NOW. If this means buying Cessna 182s with Wren conversions to operate from football-sized dirt strips, then so be it.

And don't think for a minute just because General Franks, CENTCOM Commanding General insisted rightly on 60 x A-10 Warthogs for CAS that all is well when we are doing full-scale wars against nation-state armies. The marines are notorious for dragging their feet when it comes to marking their vehicles with thermal and other visual panels to avoid being shot by other U.S. forces. The USMC has chosen a bizarre camoulage uniform print to boost their egos after the Army got black berets and it appears at least one marine has died in Iraq because of this. Nevertheless, the A-10 needs to be upgraded with bigger engines and some need a second seat for an enlisted Airborne Forward Air Controller (AFAC) to be carried onboard to identify friend or foe (IFF) when not doing a tour of duty on the ground as a Ground FAC (GFAC). If the USAF will not properly respect and upgrade the outstanding A-10, then the Army needs its own two-seat OA-37B Dragonfly aircraft CAS force. And on top of whoever and whatever does the CAS attacking, we need an intermediary AFAC in a slower fixed-wing airplane like a Wren conversion Cessna 182 or a T-6B/OV-6B Texan II. Here is yet more proof that we need 2-seat OV-6Bs with an AFAC inside....also that single-seat A-10 pilots are too overworked to IFF properly...we need two-seat OA-10Bs.....better yet they need to be turned over to the U.S. Army since the USAF only uses them when there is a war, between the wars they shower their sexy fighter-bombers with make-overs and gadgets. The USAF keeps the A-10s around to do their dirty work to appease Congress then as soon as the crisis is over goes back to playing "Top Gun" with their sexy aircraft.

U.S. CAS ever since we retired OA-37s, O-2s, OV-1s and OV-10s has gone downhill...

The Asia Times - "Asia's most trusted news source for the Middle East" has posted the following article: "The not-so-friendly reality of U.S. casualties" by reporter David Isenberg:

www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EJ22Ak01.html

But, in actuality, the total might be higher than the administration acknowledges. A recently released report, "Truth from These Podia" by retired air force colonel Sam Gardiner, recalls that during the course of the war, central command officials claimed that U.S. forces came under artillery fire after Iraqi soldiers surrendered under a white flag. The implication was that it was a ruse. But Gardiner thinks that the white flag stories were engineered to cover a very serious friendly fire event.

Gardiner writes: "A disheartening aspect of the white flag story is what is beginning to surface about what might have been the real cause of the marine casualties near An Nasiriyah on March 23. Marines are saying that nine of those killed may have been killed by an A-10 that made repeated passes attacking their position.

"We know from a 'Lessons Learned' report released early in October that the death of nine marines is under investigation as a friendly fire accident. From individual reports, we know that at least one of the marines killed on March 23, reported as having been caught in the ruse, was hit directly in the chest with a round from an A-10 gun."

Its time EVERY AVJ member to contact the two Representatives who sponsored the recent GAO report on CAS failings and ask them to sponsor legislation to achieve this:

GAO Report on CAS failings

Vic Snyder-Arkansas, 2nd District
www.house.gov/snyder/

Washington, D.C. Office
1330 Longworth House Office Bldg
Washington, D.C. 20515
Phone: 202-225-2506 Fax: 202-225-5903 2nd District

Office in Arkansas
3118 Federal Bldg, 700 W. Capitol Ave
Little Rock, AR 72201
Phone: 501-324-5941 Fax: 501-324-6029
E-mail: snyder.congress@mail.house.gov

Solomon Ortiz-Texas 27th District
www.house.gov/ortiz/bio/b_military.shtml

2470 Rayburn Building
Washington, DC 20515 --- (202) 225-7742

Air Assault!

Mike Sparks
Editor, U.S. Army/Air Force Aviation Journal ONLINE
www.oocities.org/usarmyairforceaviationjournal

LETTERS


NOTICE: you write it, we will publish it. This is YOUR e-magazine. Unless its helping the red chinese communists or vulgar, we are going to publish it. The Journal comes out every 30 days and you can sign the guestbook 24/7/365 at our web site:

http://www.oocities.org/usarmyaviationdigest

Assistant Editor Carol Murphy found the following:

The "Z-Medica BattlePack" should replace the current inadequate field dressing-in-a pouch on every Soldier in the U.S. Army.

I know of SEVERAL instances where Soldiers have bled to death in Somalia, Afghanistan and now Iraq. I have always known that the current single pressure dressing each Soldier carries is inadequate, and Soldiers have been using tampons in combat for somewhat of an effect. Bullets usually render both an entrance and an exit wound, so one field dressing is ludicrous.

The good news is 23 lives have been saved in Iraq by QUIK-CLOT. We also need to get Quik-Clot into every M3, M3A combat lifesaver bag in the Army.

Fort Sam Houston AMEDD needs to make pouring a packet of Quik-Clot into a severe wound SOP and a standard Soldier annual CTT task. Every Army Aviator's SERE kit/vest should have a Quick-Clot inside.

Carol Murphy

Quik Clot Adsorbent Hemostatic Agent Hemo, Hemostasis, blood, cut, wound,hemorrhage, battle, RDH, Thrombin, Fibrin

www.z-medica.com

Military uses

Since the Civil War, the leading cause of death on the battlefield has been loss of blood from traumatic wounds. This alarming statistic reflects the absence of a hemostatic agent that can arrest severe arterial and venous bleeding. Until now.

QuikClot is a lifesaver on the battlefield. It can be easily applied by a medic, wounded combatant or any serviceman or woman to immediately contain blood loss and create rapid hemostasis.

Because QuikClot is biologically and botanically inert, it can be safely left in the wound until the Soldier is extracted and transported to a medical facility. It is easy to pack and simple to apply. When used in concert with the H & H Cinch Tight Bandage, it can control high-volume venous and arterial bleeding.

The Z-Medica BattlePack, based on the trauma kit used by the U.S. marine corps, combines the Cinch Tight bandage with a package of QuikClot and two packages of compressed gauze for immediate treatment of severe bleeding injuries on the battlefield. The BattlePack is made of waterproof nylon and can be worn on the waist.

QuikClot is a truly remarkable medical breakthrough that is having a profound impact on improving the safety and survival of our fighting men and women. It has proven effective in saving the lives of service personnel in Afghanistan and Iraq.

NSN : 6510-01-499-9285
Part #: 0001

Z-Medica Headquarters
35 Budney Road
Budney Industrial Park
Newington, CT 06111 USA
Telephone: (860) 667-2201
Fax: 2222
Website: www.z-medica.com
E-mail: info@z-medica.com

Sales
Bart Gullong
Telephone: (860) 667-2201
E-mail: info@z-medica.com

Media
Ellie Becker or Melissa Diamond Team PR
Telephone: (203) 454-8880
Fax: 8882
E-mail: info@teampr.com

QUIK CLOT History

http://alphanet.zoovy.com/category/quikclotfromzmedica.history/

Many great products are discovered by accident. Scientist and humanitarian Francis X. Hursey, president of Z-Medica, discovered QuikClot when working with absorptive materials for another purpose.

Many years ago, Hursey, a veteran member of the breathing air team for the Apollo project and a pioneer of PSA oxygen technology, cut himself while shaving. He turned to an adsorptive agent that he had been developing for another project and applied it to his face. The bleeding stopped immediately.

The product worked so well as a coagulant that he set to work doing further testing. Over a number of years, he developed QuikClot as a product to save lives through achieving rapid clotting or hemostasis. He brought to bear in this effort his Apollo Space Program training and his own philosophy of keeping it simple in order to achieve effective solutions to complex problems. He was awarded a U.S. patent for the product.

In January 2002, Hursey and Bart Gullong founded Z-Medica to market QuikClot. In addition to their first priority of supplying QuikClot to the U.S. Armed Services, they plan to provide QuikClot at little or no cost to civilian populations exposed to the danger of land mines buried during wars in their regions.

Frequently Asked Questions

QuikClot Frequently Asked Questions - Technical & How to use

» How does QuikClot work?
» What causes the hemo-concentration?
» Is there a chemical reaction involved?
» Are there any side effects?
» What causes the heat?
» How much heat is generated?
» What care should be taken when using QuikClot?
» Does QuikClot have FDA approval?
» Are QuikClot research studies available?
» Can I save the unused portion and use it later?
» How much do I need to use? Why is the packet 3.5 ounces?
» How long can I leave QuikClot in the wound, and how do I remove it?

QuikClot Frequently Asked Questions - General Questions

» What is QuikClot?
» What is it about QuikClot that makes it a breakthrough?
» Is QuikClot cleared by the Food & Drug Administration?
» How does QuikClot work?
» Given its lifesaving capability is QuikClot very expensive?
» How is QuikClot sold and where is it available?
» Who discovered or invented QuikClot?
» Are there other situations where QuikClot can help?
» Are QuikClot research studies available?

QuikClot Frequently Asked Questions - Technical & How to use

How does QuikClot work?

QuikClot works by providing a hemo-concentration effect in the blood that is exiting a wound. The bodys natural clotting process is accelerated by the increased concentration of platelets and clotting factors at the wound site.

What causes the hemo-concentration?

QuikClots main component material is called an adsorbent, it is actually a synthetic derivative of volcanic rock. It has many pores, internal and external, which capture and hold the water molecules that make up the majority of the blood. The ability to attract and hold the water molecules is due to electrostatic forces that are present in the pores of QuikClot material when it is dry and are liberated when the QuikClot is saturated. These are the same types of forces that cause static cling, but in the formulation of QuikClot, they are much stronger. Water molecules are held very strongly. The clotting factors, proteins in the blood, and the cellular components of the blood are not attracted nor held by the QuikClot, because they are simply too big to fit in the pore structure of the QuikClot material. This leaves them free to do their work at the wound site.

Is there a chemical reaction involved?

No, the interaction of the QuikClot and the water in the blood (called adsorption) is purely physical in nature. Upon application, QuikClot rapidly attracts water molecules, and almost instantly the internal pores are filled. There are no chemical changes to the blood, the water, or the QuikClot. Since the reaction is physical, and not biological or chemical, there is almost no chance for an allergic reaction to occur.

Are there any side effects?

The adsorption of water into the QuikClot granules can cause an instantaneous release of heat, called an exothermic reaction. The release of heat stops when the pores of the QuikClot become filled, which due to QuikClots strong attraction for water, is only a second or two.

What causes the heat?

The heat is generated by a phenomenon called the Heat of Adsorption. The electrostatic charge in each pore of the QuikClot, which attracts the water molecules, is released when the pore is filled. This liberated energy is in the form of heat.

How much heat is generated?

There are many variables that affect the heat generated when QuikClot is used. Its been our experience that the exothermic reaction with blood generates less heat than water alone. Under controlled experiment conditions, the highest temperature observed was 140 degrees F.

What care should be taken when using QuikClot?

Following the QuikClot package instructions avoids or minimizes the effects of exothermic reaction. It is important to use just enough QuikClot to stop the bleeding that is present. Dry QuikClot granules should be brushed away from the top of the wound area before applying irrigation solution. When removing QuikClot from a wound, the volume of water used to irrigate should always be larger than the volume of QuikClot. Flooding the QuikClot granules rather than slowly applying small streams of irrigation solution minimizes the heat produced.

Does QuikClot have FDA approval?

Yes, QuikClot received 510(k) clearance from FDA to market QuikClot over the counter (NON-prescriptive) in March of 2002. The 510(k) number is k013390, and you can view the FDA decision at the following website by plugging in the 510(k) number: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm

Are QuikClot research studies available?

An unopened pack of QuikClot has a shelf life of three years. The only storage instruction is to not leave a pack of QuikClot in direct sunlight for extended periods of time. If you cover the pack, there is nothing to worry about. QuikClot is heated to 140°F to 155°F during the packaging process, and therefore can withstand high temperatures. QuikClot can also be stored in temperatures below freezing.

Can I save the unused portion and use it later?

No, once the package has been opened, the QuikClot granules start to adsorb the moisture from the air, thus rendering them useless. You can, however, treat more than one injured person, or multiple injuries on the same person with one pack of QuikClot.

How much do I need to use? Why is the packet 3.5 ounces?

A full packet of QuikClot is more than enough to treat a complete bisection of the femoral artery and vein. This was the testing performed by the U.S. Navy, and the reason that the military has deployed QuikClot with over 50,000 of our U.S. troops. The basic rule is to slowly pour QuikClot onto the wound until you see a layer of QuikClot on top of the injury. The packet is 3.5 ounces so that you are assured to have enough to treat any size wound. You can treat multiple wounds on multiple victims if the injuries are not as severe. We are thinking about packaging QuikClot in smaller quantities, but it will not change the cost of the product very much. Most of our cost comes from the packaging and sterilization process.

How long can I leave QuikClot in the wound, and how do I remove it?

Since QuikClot is inert after it has adsorbed the water in the blood, it is safe to leave in the wound for days if necessary. The clot formed is so strong that it is possible for a person to be moved and/or walk around during this period. QuikClot will not be absorbed by the body, but since it doesnt change in shape, size or consistency, it is very easy for the attending medical personnel to irrigate and/or suction it out of the wound.

http://alphanet.zoovy.com/category/quikclotfromzmedica.frequentlyaskedquestion/

QuikClot Frequently Asked Questions - General Questions

What is QuikClot?

QuikClot is a breakthrough, patented product from the Newington, Connecticut-based firm Z-Medica that almost instantly stops high-volume bleeding from open wounds. Made of a granulated mineral substance, it is biologically and botanically inert, leaving little chance of allergic reaction. It represents a first-time-ever opportunity to save the lives of countless trauma victims around the world who would otherwise have bled to death before they could be moved to an operating room setting.

Prior to being brought to market, QuikClot was co-developed and tested by Z-Medica and the United States Navy and marines. It is in use by ground troops in Afghanistan and Iraq where it has been confirmed to have saved numerous lives. QuikClot has also been included in the new marine corps individual first aid kit. In addition, United Nations Forces, the U.S. State Department, CIA, FBI, other friendly governments and first responders have purchased it across the country.

What is it about QuikClot that makes it a breakthrough?

Until QuikClot, there has never before been a product that stops massive bleeding outside of the operating room setting. Without QuikClot, the survival chances of a soldier wounded on the battlefield today are the same as they would have been for a soldier in the Civil War. QuikClots effectiveness was proven in extensive testing at the University of Connecticut, the U.S. marine corps warfighting laboratory, the marine corps systems command and the Office of Naval Research. In comparative studies with other hemostatic agents on the market, QuikClot was the only product to achieve a 100% survival rate! QuikClot also breaks through the concept of who is a first responder in terms of being able to provide meaningful medical assistance. For example, the police, who are usually the first ones at the scene of an automobile accident or violent crime, can do little more than call EMTs to the scene. Depressingly, they must often watch helplessly while badly injured victims bleed to death in front of them before help can arrive. Now they can apply QuikClot and save lives themselves while waiting for medical personnel. Similarly, on the battlefield, a wounded soldier himself, or his buddy, can administer QuikClot while waiting for a Medical Corpsman to reach them. Packaging allows for easy, one-handed opening and application.

Is QuikClot cleared by the Food & Drug Administration?

Not only does QuikClot have FDA pre-market clearance, but also, because QuikClot has been tested and proven to have the potential to save many lives, the FDA cleared QuikClot for general use within a few months. QuikClot received a second FDA clearance for an over the counter consumer version to treat cuts, scratches and abrasions.

How does QuikClot work?

Quite simply. QuikClot is an extremely thirsty material derived from minerals. When poured directly into an open wound, the product acts like a molecular sieve, instantly taking in the smaller water molecules from the blood in and around the wound, leaving behind the larger platelet and clotting factor molecules in a concentrated form. This allows the blood to clot very quickly and prevents severe blood loss.

The process represents a new approach to hemostasis, which typically involves adding clotting factors rather than extracting elements to halt bleeding.

QuikClot helps create a stable, powerful clot, which stays firmly in place until it is removed in the field hospital or operating room setting.

Given its lifesaving capability is QuikClot very expensive?

In addition to its amazing life-saving track record in the laboratory and in actual battlefield use, QuikClot is extremely affordable. Z-Medica wants the product to be in every soldiers pack, in every police, fire fighting, and EMT vehicle, in every factory and school and in the not too distant future in every home.

At a time that has seen drug costs and profits sky-rocket, the company has structured the QuikClot business in a way that tightly controls production costs and limits its margins to what is required to assure production and marketing at sufficient levels to save as many lives as possible. At the companys current cost structure, a life-saving quantity of QuikClot retails for a little more than $20!!! Other hemostatic products that are far less effective at saving lives than QuikClot, according to the comparative testing, sell in the many hundreds to thousands of dollars per application.

How is QuikClot sold and where is it available?

Z-Medica sells to the military and security, EMS, first responder, veterinary and other markets either directly or through authorized dealers, such as AlphaNet.

Who discovered or invented QuikClot?

Z-Medica President Francis X. Hursey, a scientist, entrepreneur and humanitarian, discovered QuikClot accidentally in the late 1980s while experimenting with absorptive materials for another product he was developing. In an increasingly complex, high technology world, Hursey believes in looking for simple solutions to important problems and he finds them. One day he cut himself and applied some of the material that is now known as QuikClot to the cut. It stopped the bleeding instantly and he believed he might have discovered an important use of the material.

He developed and tested QuikClot on a shoestring budget, obtaining a patent. In 1997, Z-Medica partner and Vice President Bart Gullong joined Hursey in the effort to bring QuikClot to the world, taking on marketing, distribution and sales responsibilities.

The two men have dedicated themselves and the company to making a humanitarian difference. In addition to creating this life-saving product, Hursey and Gullong are committed to making QuikClot available at little or no cost to civilian populations threatened with accidental detonation of buried land mines.

Frank Hursey also founded Z-Medicas sister company, On Site Gas Systems, which has a similar mission and also globally markets lifesaving products for use in remote locations that generate nitrogen and high purity oxygen from ambient air.

Are there other situations where QuikClot can help?

QuikClot can save the life of any living creature that bleeds. Z-Medica sees an important veterinary application of QuikClot. These markets include pet care, and veterinarian use for small and large animals.

Are QuikClot research studies available?

Dr. Hasan B. Alam, who conducted QuikClot testing for the Office of Naval Research at the Uniformed Services University of Health Science, will be presenting his studies and making them available to the public in the fall of 2002.


Todd Fowler" describes how the brand-new design ATAX CAS platform (see AVJ December 2003 for details) could best achieve the required capability:

"Greetings.

I gather that like me, you all understand the need for an on-scene battlefield presence that is flexible in a combat scenerio and has long legs. There is currently an aircraft in late stage development that fits the picture nicely.

It compares with the T-6 Texan and EMB Super Tucano. The aircraft is powered by a 1600 hp turboprop and can carry 420 gal fuel in the wings. It has 7-9 underwing pylons for bombs, rockets, missiles, etc. It has a weapons targeting FLIR POD and will have the ability to fire sidewinder, hellfire, maverick, 2.75 rockets (they will be laser guided in a year or so) and an assortment of other goodies. There is no need to carry external fuel. Full fuel payload: 5000 lb

The aircraft can be deployed on carriers and airdropped, stacked or trucked anywhere in the world, assembled and combat loaded in under 6 hours by a trained 4 person fire team.

The aircraft will also have a pair of belt fed gatling guns on the wing fed from large ammo cans in the fuselage.

The pilot or pilot/co-pilot are both strapped to ejection seats and have armored cockpits. "

EDITOR: So one must ask, if small fixed-wing Unmanned/Manned Combat Air Vehicles (U/MCAVs) can operate from football field-sized runways, be parachute airdropped and even trucked in, why must we limit ourselves to conventional helicopters and their costly low-performance?

If new design fixed-wing U/MCAVs can SUBLIMINATE themselves to the ground maneuver force; in other words they do not have to be worked around and flown from one forward operating base to forward operating base as we do now, we can gain important Continuous Overhead Presence (COOP) capabilities at very low cost.

We may not even have to wait for a new design U/MCAV that compacts; existing helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft with folding rotors and wings could be TOWED by trailers and carried on the flatbeds of tracked carriers to achieve ground mobility for these aircraft.

NOT ENOUGH SOLDIERS?

Major Al Huber writes:

"In WW2 the USAF was the USAAF and that is where the manpower went. My job has been to support the grunts to help them get their mission done as fast and safe as possible. Army Aviation whatever the hype, will still do what it takes to do just that when all is said and done. If we would shoot the MI Battalions all over the place and have maybe one ADA battalion at Corps to free up some personnel slots within the Army's strength cap we might be able to get some wiggle room to improve along the lines we are all talking about.

ROLES AND MISSIONS

I doubt the USAF will ever settle down when it comes to things that can cause them to loose money. Remember that the OV-1 Mohawk was originally a CAS aircraft (kinda like what we want: STOL-from-the-dirt, twin-engine redundancy, etc.) and the USAF pitched a fit. And that was during a real tough shooting match when budgets were plentiful for the military.

THE MAS/CAS AIRCRAFT

Now what I agree with. Indeed the B-52 will out live us all as the orbiting artillery when the USAF get the small diameter bombs (250 lb. I think) with a GPS or seeker package. Freaking stay up overhead for days. Like with the SF in Afghan. Zap the laser, send the grid, one round on the way. Think B-52 will carry well over a hundred.

Agree with your analysis of the sunk cost involved with a new aircraft. Really my big concern is how much weight you can put on the aircraft to get it to do the job. Extra radios, extra armor, flying with bombs and rockets that were not part of the spec requirements for maneuver freedom. You can take a nimble airplane and make it a real cow with a war load. If I were flying the mission and they would not give me an A-10 I would not be a real happy camper willing to press my luck on a single engine aircraft that turns like a pig with war equipment and can't get out of its own way.

MANPADS

No one really knows how many got shot in Afghanistan at us. The usual problem to date has been old systems well past shelf life and piss poor training. If the bad guys get serious we may see them getting better. The Chechans have had much better success, because they have access to newer stocks and at one point a fair number of them had Red Army training.

Agree that a turboprop is less susceptible than a afterburning jet engine, but it is on par with a helo. Indeed helos are turboprops ... with big props pointing up. Your early IR misssiles (SA-7, Redeye) would probably not track well. Your late model (SA-18 and Stinger POST) have much better solid state seekers, with other spiffy classified means to detect fuel burning aircraft. Nonetheless they are still visual acquisition systems so night ops are still the best (until AlQ gets night sites for them). Interestingly though the number one threat to low slow types statistically are small and medium caliber bullets and RPGs.

FORCE PROTECTION

In most cases a whole brigade! 'Cause we try and park the helo's where the troops are. In ODS, we circled the wagons (UH-60s) where ever we could find a clump of troops not moving. In ODS and OIF, the aviation brigade assembly area usually co-locates with the division trains for strength of numbers. At the CTCs, the OPFOR always finds the Aviation Assembly Area and blow the crap out of it cause the only folks in it are maintainer and bottle washers."

Mr. AP Camele writes in:

"It is interesting that your site does not mention the one attack helicopter that has been in every conflict since Viet Nam except Panama. It is also the one attack helicopter that has grown to meet operational requirements to date.

The AH-1W had the most armor and vehicle kills in both gulf wars and is on track to upgrade to the AH-1Z. Why does it not get the press it deserves? Just curious."

EDITOR'S REPLY: USMC Cobra losses: 4 men dead, U.S. Army Apache losses: 0

Dear Sir,

the AH-1W has not had to penetrate deep into enemy air defenses like the AH-64 Apache has. An Army Aviator writes:

"USMC has decided not to fly 'deep' any more. I would agree with you that the AH-64 is a better aircraft, although it is not marinized for the salt water like the AH-1. USMC will tell you that the aircraft and crews lost were due to accidents and poor flying conditions instead of enemy action.

Just some G-2 for you, the Iraqi opposition has been shooting manpads at us almost every day and have only had one hit (possibly). RPG and bullet still #1 bad guy."

I also doubt the SuperCobra has more "kills" in both Gulf Wars. In Afghanistan, the AH-64s did the heavy initial combats, and after the enemy had dispersed AH-1Ws came in. What is the AH-64D Apache LongBow? Isn't that a "growth" to meet an operational requirement?

In the future, essentially unarmored AH-1Ws and Zs will get shot down like their T model predecessors did in Grenada if/when they fly into enemy hornet's nests like AH-64s have and are flying into now in Iraq.

Here are the latest FACTS from Operation Iraqi Freedom:

www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/forces/casualties/index.html

Capt. Benjamin W. Sammis, 29
Marine Aircraft Group 39, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing Rehobeth, Massachusetts
Killed in action when his AH-1W Super Cobra helicopter crashed during combat operations near Ali Aziziyal, Iraq on April 4, 2003

Capt. Aaron J. Contreras, 31
Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 169, Marine Aircraft Group 39 Sherwood, Oregon
Killed March 30, 2003, in a helicopter crash in southern Iraq

Capt. Travis A. Ford, 30 Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 267, Marine Aircraft Group 39, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing Ogallala, Nebraska
Killed when his AH-1W Super Cobra helicopter crashed during combat operations near Ali Aziziyal, Iraq, on April 4, 2003

Capt. Benjamin W. Sammis, 29 Marine Aircraft Group 39, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing Rehobeth, Massachusetts
Killed in action when his AH-1W Super Cobra helicopter crashed during combat operations near Ali Aziziyal, Iraq on April 4, 2003

UH-1N

Sgt. Brian D. McGinnis, 23 Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 169, Marine Aircraft Group 39 St. George, Delaware
Killed March 30, 2003, in a UH-1N Huey helicopter crash in southern Iraq

The only advantage the Hueys/Cobras have over Apaches is SIMPLICITY; they are easier to maintain and operate but in life you get what you pay for: they also can't fly/fight in night/adverse weather conditions like Apaches can WHEN THEIR SYSTEMS ARE WORKING. The Cobra cannot take anything near the battle damage an Apache can take and bring their men home ALIVE. Notice the caveat. Would you rather have a less capable helicopter that can fly more in good weather or a more capable helicopter that flies less in general but when is working can fly in really bad/dark conditions?

???????????

That's the $64,000 question.

Frankly, what both helicopters need is Piasecki VTDP to fly faster and longer:

www.oocities.org/tacticalstudiesgroup/piaseckivtdp.htm

Airborne!

Mike Sparks

Recently retired Army Aviator, LTC Chuck Jarnot, who now works for Piasecki writes in:

"ALCON,

1. V-22 & Piasecki: There are only two DoD projects underway to build a faster longer ranged VTOL platform. The Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey and the Piasecki Vectored Thrust Ducted Propeller (VTDP) with fixed wings on a UH-60 Blackhawk. There’s a lot of artist conceptions out there etc but we’re the only two building something that will actually fly. Last week during a murder board of sorts hosted by the Army’s PEO for Aviation MG Bergantz, very strong opponents in the Army Aviation Science and Technology department attempted to kill the latter even though its not even an Army project yet (U.S. NAVY/USAF). Their opposition is based on preserving their budgets though they claim that there are technical "show stoppers".

2. Funding is On "Life Support": Funding is cut back which will delay the first flight from FY-04 to mid FY-05. But Congress has programmed money for the project for the next two years.

3. Disconnect with TRADOC PAM 525-66: There is a complete disconnect between the Army’s Aviation Science and Technology organizations and to a certain extent the Aviation PEO’s office and TRADOC’s PAM 525-66 Future Force Requirements. At the meeting some ten days ago, it was clear that the PEO (MG Bergantz) had not read the PAM either!

4. Future Vertical Maneuver WILL NOT HAPPEN: I know I sound like a broken record but those of you who are interested in the PAM and the Aviation Future Force capabilities that need to be gained to make operational depth vertical 3D maneuver possible, this is a BAD NEWS STORY! No one, I repeat NO ONE in the Army’s Aviation Future Force arena has developed a road map to meet these FOCs even though the PAM directs that occur. Even the AMT (FCS Hauler was put on the back burner). Its all about office budgets and blade erosion kits. At the meeting, there was extreme doubt that the Army would move towards self-deployability and longer ranging air assault type operations!!!!! Presenting the Piasecki Blackhawk that goes 50% faster, twice as far, self-deploys within 96 hours and has more payload than the current helo for ˝ the cost of a new aircraft was met with gross disbelief that the Army would ever want these capabilities! HELLO?

SUMMARY: We’re still alive, still funded but we feel like we’re trying to sell repeating rifles to Custer before his Little Big Horn trip!

P.S.: We have done work on a lost cost AMT (FCS Hauler) that can move a 20 ton load at 175-200 knots out to 1000 km radius at high hot (4000/95) and would only cost about $50 million per copy and would be ready to field in about five years. BUT WHY BOTHER???? No one in the Army Aviation Acquisition system gives a hoot and the PAM is treated like some obsure white paper!"

John Wilson writes:

"Air power is a distinct threat...but only in good weather and if the enemy possesses air parity or air superiority. Likewise, just like any other arm...If you don't combine it with a complimentary system to multiply effects and place the enemy in a dilemma, the advantage may be obviated by deception, camouflage, attacking and moving during poor weather, ADA, other air assets, etc.

Our Atk Avn thrust to Baghdad was a disaster because it was not a combined thrust. We presented the Iraqis with a problem, not a dilemma. They responded with a solution and we lost initiative and an air crew (fortunately...only captured).

Air power is not a 'silver bullet' and the tank is not a dead concept. Many predicted the tank would supplant the foot Soldier. We found that not to be the case. The attack helicopter and the fighter-bomber, while they may make life tough for the ground pounders, will never replace the foot Soldier or the tank primarily becasue they cannot take and hold ground and have limited use based on environmental constraints that niether the foot Soldier nor the tank possess."

Legendary military writer and combat veteran, Ralph Zumbro writes about an important truth about the angle an aircraft has towards a ground target:

"Gentlemen.

Re: ground fire. We need to re-read COMMANDING THE RED ARMY'S SHERMAN TANKS. It is written by a Russian Colonel whe did it. One of his comments is that the Russians Shermans could simply run their bows up on a berm and use the 76mm (cut down naval 3 incher) as an AA gun.....ANY AIRCRAFT COMING STRAIGHT AT A TANK GUN IS A STATIONARY TARGET. Take a standard flechette APERS round and screw in a Mk404 Navy FLIR fuze and most aircraft will soon learn to stay clear of armored formations."

GEOSTRATEGIC


REAL Army Transformation: Light, Medium, Heavy why it must be so?

By the Air-Mech-Strike Study Group (AMS-SG)

Peter Wilson and his team have come up with many new ideas we share to get the Army's transformation on track (Armed Forces Journal International October 2003). The most important one is that hogogenizing the Army into physically impotent medium weight armored car motorized units just because they have computers sub-optimizes them in our complex world where light, medium and heavy type units have necessary physical firepower, mobility and protection advantages that cannot be replicated by mouse-clicks. There are good reasons why the Army has Light, Medium and Heavy vehicles and unit types; combats in Iraq have shown their strenths and weaknesses and warn us that a medium compromised type like the 19-21 ton Stryker or future 23+ ton wheeled FCS armored cars will be too heavy to fly by existing C-130 aircraft for 3D air-maneuvers en masse to block escaping enemy leaders across borders and once they get to a fight by slow sea transport will be too light and poorly constructed as huge thin boxes on top of air-filled rubber tires to survive RPGs and enemy land mines. What America's Army needs is the BEST light, medium and heavy capabilities possible to be mixed as needed to get the maximum synergism possible not a minimalist one-size-fits-all "cookie cutter". Over the past 4 years while the Army squandered away its money for a fanciful Tofflerian digital panacea, medium-weight wheeled platform, its light, medium and heavy forces were neglected and spat upon as "legacy".

GETTING MEDIUM AND HEAVY FASTER INTO THE FIGHT

Clearly the monies being spent on FCS should be applied immediately as technology insertions into the Army's existing Light 10.5 ton M113 Gavin, 33-ton Medium M2/M3 Bradley and 70-ton Heavy M1 Abrams tracked armored fighting vehicles that are engaged NOW in mortal combats in desert-urban terrain in Iraq. While the M1s/M2s are showing themselves resilient to enemy RPGs and land mines, they took months to get to the fight by slow sea ships requiring ports and are heavy to move overland, resulting in high fuel costs. The Navy has dozens of unused LCAC hovercraft without flooding well-deck amphibious ships to employ them from. The Navy's unused LCACs can be hoisted aboard Army pre-positioned ships with 70-ton cranes and then interfaced with floating barge sections alongside their vehicle roll-on/roll-off ramps to speed Army combat vehicles ashore at 50+ mph regardless of sea mines or port facilities. In fact, M113 Gavins have a waterjet and bow section kit that can make them able to swim from the sea to shore straight from RO/RO ramps, or can be lifted by CH-53E Sea Stallion helicopters speeding the offload further, all it would take is Joint Service cooperation.

The M1 Abrams itself with a 1500 hp diesel engine would gain fuel economy from 7 gallons per mile to 1 mpg without practical speed/mobility loss, and doubling its operational range requiring less refuellings from vulnerable Jessica Lynch-type truck convoys. At 70 tons overall, 30 tons is just its 3-man turret; with creative design this weight could be cut making for a 50-55-ton, almost medium tank with heavy tank protection and firepower, able to fly 2-at-a-time in a C-5A/B aircraft instead of the current 1. The M2 Bradley suffers from a large 2-man turret that takes space preventing an intact 9-man infantry squad riding in back, and gets in the way of the dismount infantry from fighting heads-out from the top troop hatch M113 ACAV-style for increased firepower and situational awareness. A 1-man autocannon/missile turret would lighten the Bradley's weight, reduce its target size and facilitate a 9-man dismount infantry squad in the back that can fight with their heads-out to look up into potential enemy hiding spots in buildings and terrain heights.

LIGHT WITH MORE MIGHT

Our Army's Airborne and Air Assault units are getting chewed up by small-arms fire, RPGs and command-detonated land mines (latest buzzword is "IEDs") in poorly or unarmored 3-ton HMMWV and 10-ton FMTV type rubber-tired trucks and desperately need an air-transportable AFV as Wilson and his team have concluded. Had the 173rd Airborne Brigade parachute dropped with swarms of light tracked AFVs into Northern Iraq it could have fanned out and sealed off enemy leader escape routes into Syria. By applying advanced RPG-land mine resistant armors, band tracks, 1-man 25-40mm autocannon turrets, ACAV- type gunshields, 500 hp. hybrid-electric drives to just a few of the Army's 13,000 M113 Gavin light tracked AFVs Airborne units would have at very low-cost a highly capable, stealthy, armored, go-anywhere or over-anything urban warfare combat vehicle.

The Army's Airborne units equipped with advanced FCS technology Gavins would perfect high-altitude 3D air maneuvers using guided parafoils; these vehicles would reside in the Battalion's Supply and Transport unit that would expand to a Company size unit of drivers and tracked commanders. Realizing this will take time to get more personnel manning slots and MTOE change, war-stock M113 Gavin light tracked AFVs would be instantly supplied to Army Airborne units by supplementing their Delta Anti-tank/Scout Companies which have vulnerable HMMWV gun trucks with an equal number of Victor O'Reilly's "gun tracks".

Peter Wilson's team proposal advocates that a Mobile Gun System (MGS) be with Airborne/Air Assault units for fire support but overlooked the fact that the Stryker-MGS armored car with 105mm is a dismal failure; too top-heavy, overweight, unwieldy, cannot fire-on-the-move. We tweak this suggestion by using the Army type-classified, 17-ton, low-center-of-gravity, tracked M8 Armored 105mm Gun System, the "Buford" light tank instead. The M8 Buford AGS has recently at the AUSA show been fitted with a 120mm gun--its such a stable, shoot-on-the-move platform the Army could have it shoot the same ammunition as the M1 Abrams shoots.

The Army's Air Assault units need a new-purchase 2-7 ton AFV in order to be UH-60 Blackhawk and CH-47 Chinook helicopter air-mech transportable as the Wilson team advocates. Its counter-intuitive, but tracked AFVs are 28% lighter by space and weight than wheeled AFVs. There are two 2-7 ton class tracked AFVs in NATO/U.S. use that could be supplied en masse to the 101st Air Assault Division; the 2-3 ton Wiesel and the 7-ton Bv206S which is already in Army service in unarmored form as the M973A1. Both AFVs will roll-on and off from inside a CH-47D, the Bv206 demonstrated this in combat in Afghanistan during Operation Anaconda.

STRATEGIC MOBILITY 101

The previous Army Transformation goal to move combined-arms Brigade Combat Team within 96 hours to anyplace in the world to encircle, block and set the conditions for victory is important to achieve; but these BCTs must be light/medium/heavy OPTIMIZED not compromised into a "medium" recipe that is too heavy to fly and too light to fight. Future Army vehicle platforms can ill afford to squaunder from the get-go, 28% capability by wheeled designs. The USAF's ability to wrest air supremacy and dismantle an enemy's Integrated Air Defenses, provide HUMINT-directed Close Air Support by armored A-10 Warthog attack planes opens the door for Army 3D air-mechanized maneuvers to isolate, encircle, block, seize forward operating bases, achieve turning movements by dedicated Airborne/Air Assault units with light AFVs to work in concert with units with medium/heavy AFVs arriving through overland or sea 2D maneuver. The USAF's A-10s should be upgraded with new engines, new wings and some with a second seat for an enlisted Ground Forward Air Controller (GFAC) to do tours of duty from the air to improve air/ground terminal guidance expertise as proposed in the author's December 2002 AFJI article; "The Close Air Support Imperative".

The Army's rotory-wing aircraft should have their range/speed doubled by Piasecki Vectored Thrust Ducted Propellers (VTDP) and fixed wings so they can self-deploy without need of USAF transport aircraft and reduce their vulnerability to the "Mark-I eyeball" directed small arms fire, RPGs and MANPADS that have caused some losses in Iraq as General Barry McAffrey pointed out in his superb October 2003 AFJI article.

We urge Army Chief of Staff General Schoomaker to focus Army R&D to immediate technology insertions into the Army's existing light/medium/heavy platforms now engaged in combat; reorganizing units to have these platforms as we build coherent Brigade Combat Teams to win the current small battles against global sub-national terrorism as well as improve our abilities to fight a major war against a threatening nation-state.


OPERATIONAL

Special Operations Seaplanes: bring back the good 'ole days

By Mike Sparks

Most people assume that we are better off today than we were in the past.

This assumption also plays itself out in the world of military affairs. Contrary to public feel-good assumptions that they are being best protected, the truth is that the chore of national defense has been relegated to existentialist egotists who squabble over roles and missions not how best to serve the common good. The 9/11 attacks should have been a "Pearl Harbor" resulting in whole-scale firing of incompetents and replacement by some mechanism where non-careerist citizens get involved personally in national defense while in uniform so common sense (do what works best all the time regardless of ego) can return to the U.S. military. During WWII, America had to fight across long oceans and since combustion-fuel aircraft cannot fly forever, they need to land and refuel. One solution is to float a runway/airbase for small wheel equipped planes to land on the top; the aircraft carrier. However, this is NOT the only or most efficient solution. Another solution is the seaplane--a fixed-wing aircraft pften with a boat hull shape that can land on water to refuel, switch crews, receive maintenance etc. when linked up with a supply ship/submarine. As you will soon see, this common sense solution deemed necessary to meet war time needs would not last long after the crisis passed.

Black Cats in action in WWII!

During WWII, seaplanes were extremely effective at hunting down the enemy's surface ships and diesel-electric submarines; the U.S. Navy's PBY Catalina amphibious flying boats became the "Black Cat" raiders that struck at Japanese surface convoys with torpedoes, bombs and machine guns. In the Atlantic, the PBY (and later the Sunderland flying boats) in the hands of the British, found the German battleship Bismark and disabled it for later destruction, and forced the U-Boat submarines off the surface so they couldn't run on their diesel engines at higher speeds to attack allied supply convoys.

However, as WWII ended, the old roles and missions fights emerged again with the aircraft carrier navy pitted against the patrol (seaplane) navy faction. The angled deck aircraft carrier employs 4,000 men and requires a full bird Colonel "Captain" to further careers. In contrast, a seaplane requires only a junior officer and a small ship to link up with in the open sea to rearm, refuel. Thus, at the end of the 1950s, the two factions clashed for money in the Navy budget, the outcome was the end of the seaplane in U.S. Navy service a sad state of affairs in effect to the current day. This abandonment of 6 decades of airplane development due to selfish interests was despite the fact that the aerodynamic handicap of flying a boat hull was solved in the 600 mph P6M SeaMaster jet bomber. The SeaMaster, which flies faster than the USAF's mighty B-52 could have enabled the patrol navy to have a nuclear bombardment mission from many locations around the globe to threaten the communist foes of America at far greater simplicity and less tactical vulnerability and cost than the huge super aircraft carriers catapulting smaller and shorter-ranged airplanes. A squadron of SeaMasters like their B-52 brothers could better conventional ordnance bombard an enemy than an entire carrier air wing of smaller fighter-bombers. My white paper on this subject is here:

www.oocities.org/itsg.geo/p6mseamaster.htm

No Seaplanes to Save those in peril in the Sea

Not surprisingly, just a few short years into the 1960s with the demise of the seaplane from USN service, there were no seaplanes of any kind in any U.S. military or Coast Guard service. Once U.S. manufacturers stopped making seaplanes the entire concept became unavailable for U.S. forces. However, the earth still is covered mostly by water and when humans try to traverse the seas they sometimes have to abandon their platforms when they fail. Those that found their boat or ship disabled or their land-based aircraft dunked into the water could cling to debris and hope that a shore-based land wheel aircraft could find them and direct someone in a nearby ship or helicopter to rescue them. This sad state begs the observation that had these land based aircraft been seaplanes, even for just emergency use via the more efficient Burnelli type designs, they could have glided to a water landing and waited for rescuers instead of clambering out as individuals clinging to seat cushions for floatation into freezing waters to die of exposure and/or drown.

Today-2003

1.) spot any survivors in the water
2.) parachute drop a life boat kit and then...
3.) dispatch a ship or short-range helicopter to pick them up hours/days later.

Compare this 3-step process to the simplicity of the WWII seaplane:

Yesterday-1943

1) seaplane spots those needing rescue, lands, recovers them and takes-off.

Certainly the U.S. Coast Guard would rather fly seaplanes and effect 1-step rescue operations but NO ONE IN THE U.S. MAKES LARGE SEAPLANES IN. ANYMORE. The Russians and Canadians make large flying boats but buy-American products legislation probably nips that option in the bud.

Who is going to do "Special" air/sea Operations? Not the U.S. Navy!

The Patrol Navy survived the aircraft carrier mafia's coup in the 1950s--barely---by the advent of land based anti-submarine warfare missions. This sub-section of the U.S. Navy now flies P-3C Orion four-engined turboprops with long endurance, but cannot land on the water to rescue anybody. While the Patrol Navy hunts for the next "Red October", the Navy's SEAL teams are parachute jumping into the water with inflatable boats and no way to recover them if their mounts fail to inflate or their outboard engines conk out. NAVSPECWAR units need seaplanes but none are to be found within the current existentialist roles and missions cliques. The Martin Mariner just missed WWII but was very actively involved in Korean War combat keeping the coasts free of sea mines, and the Convair R3Y Tradewinds counter-rotating turboprop seaplane was fielded in small numbers, though the marine corps didn't catch a clue and exploit this seaplane transport to attain world-wide rapid deployment capabilities.

After the P6M SeaMaster travesty, its predecessor, the P5M Marlin, twin-engined transport soldiered on until 1968, missing the Korean War, but doing combat coastal patrol and search and rescue work in Vietnam.

P5M Marlin
History of P5M Marlin

The wear and tear of the Indochina war killed the airframes and with no replacements in sight, the narrow-minded military mindset took effect.

With smugness and defeatism, when the last P5M flew, a ceremony was held proclaiming it would be the last seaplane the U.S. Navy seaplane. Who elected these people to be god? Why are we so quick n the U.S. military to call something useful an "end of an era" in avant garde smugness?. To make ourselves look progressive?

At least one U.S. Navy officer, Commander Leibhauser spoke out in favor of an inspired seaplane concept but tragically had his life cut short in an aircraft crash, causing America to lose its most persuasive voice for seaplanes.

Exit the U.S. Air Force

When the USAF split from the U.S. Army in 1947, a trend developed in concert with the improved range/speed of fixed-wing jet aircraft: the "fly boys" stopped wanting to land anywhere they could get dirty. Mid-air refueling offered a way for less or no naval bases at all to be needed if the crew was up to the task of flying constantly. Whereas in WWII aircraft carriers and advanced naval bases were needed, these could now be bypassed given enough in-flight refueling aircraft. In a few short years, aviators in all the U.S. military became dependant upon concrete runways and comfortable quarters far away from the grunts in the mud and those in peril in the sea be it planned or unplanned. For a few years into Vietnam, the USAF Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service operated some small Grumman amphibious seaplanes to pluck downed aviators off the coast of Vietnam, but the aircraft itself was old, slow and the minds of America's inventive geniuses were not coming up with new versions on the drawing board to replace them. Once Vietnam ended, the USAF's seaplane rescue capabilities were retired.

Inspiration from the "Greatest Generation": Michael Stroukoff


NBC news commentator Tom Brokaw is right about one thing: WWII created a crop of can-do men who overcame problems head-on. One of them was Michael Stroukoff, who created the high t-tail STOL cargo plane (C-122 and C-123) from the large assault glider CG-20. There is more. In an act of creative brilliance, Stroukoff came up with a way to make these more effective transport aircraft to land on water without need of a costly boat hull shape. The problem of the seaplane needing a high-drag boat hull was solved by using skis attached o the underside of existing cargo aircraft at less aerodynamic penalty:

www.theaviationzone.com/factsheets/c123.asp

Mr. Michael Stroukoff had been president and chief engineer of Chase aircraft during the C-123 Provider's development. The Stroukoff Aircraft Corporation produced four specialized versions of the Provider, which were used to explore short takeoff and landing (STOL) technology. The YC-123D (AF 53-8068) employed a boundary-layer control system for additional lift, and the YC-123E (AF 55-4031) was equipped with features known as the "Pantobase" system. This aircraft also was equipped with multi-use skis, a water-tight fuselage and wing-mounted pontoons for operation from water.

The application of boundary-layer control and the installation of massive Wright R-3350 engines led to the YC-134 variant. The addition of Pantobase to this aircraft produced the YC-134A, which was the ultimate hardware development of the original glider design. During the early 1960s the Fairchild Company proposed a C-123 follow-up design to be powered by four General Electric T-64 turboprop engines of 2,800 HP each. This aircraft would have incorporated tandem main landing gear, double slotted flaps, short-span ailerons and a spoiler system. Though these ideas had great merit, the project did not proceed beyond the paper stage. The Advanced Medium STOL Transport (AMST) program of the 1970s produced two innovative aircraft the Boeing YC-14 and the McDonnell Douglas YC-15. When the program was canceled in 1979, these successful aircraft were retired to the boneyard. Some of the technology developed for the YC-15 has been applied to the C-17 Globemaster III Strategic Airlifter program of today. Russia appreciated the technological advance, and went on to produce a close imitation of the YC-14.

The amazing thing about the Pantobase ski system was it resulted in only a 5% loss in flight performance! Pantobase could be added to almost any aircraft by simple modifications instead of complete redesign into a flying boat hull.

Yet the USAF rejected it.

The USAF for myriad reasons wasn't interested in landing on water, snow, ice; there was no "role/mission" for it to grab budget share and glory. Later on, the need to land on snow/ice forced them to fit land skis to C-130 Hercules aircraft but not in a way that the planes could settle down in the water.

In fact, the USAF tested and perfected both tracked landing gear and air cushion landing systems [www.oocities.org/equipmentshop/c130.htm] that can enable fixed-wing transport aircraft to land almost anywhere there is a large enough vegetation opening and rejected them both. Both of these would have resulted in them being able to land away from comfortable paved runways and running the risk of getting dirty and uncomfortable. There are many excellent STOL aircraft designs available that could effect near V/TOL mission capabilities but these are held back by THEIR LANDING GEAR MEANS to achieving their full potential to land almost anywhere on the earth.

2003: no one wants to land in the water or mud?

Fortunately as the fly boy "fighter jocks" went off to their paved runways starting in the post-WWII era, Army and USAF Special Operations aviators from Phil Cochrane's Air Commandos (today known as Air Force Special Operations Command or AFSOC) to Gavin/Moore/Kinnard's helicopter Air Cavalry have used STOL and VTOL aircraft to work in conjunction with ground missions. However as small communities they have lacked the political clout and money to fully develop the awesome potential of a multi-functional, land anywhere fixed-wing aircraft. The conventional fixed-wing aircraft itself is unfulfilled with non-lift producing fuselages; the extreme STOL (ESTOL) Burnelli design turbofan has yet to be built but should be the AFSOC's M-X replacement for the MC-130 Combat Talon:

www.oocities.org/equipmentshop/goodbyeftr.htm

There is a growing realization that the V-22 tilt-rotor half-helicopter, half-fixed-wing aircraft is not good at either jobs. Mechanically over-complex, the tilt-rotor if fielded will crash often and kill lots of good people until common sense can be restored. Even if the V-22 could be made to work as advertised, it still cannot land on the water to be a seaplane and at best could hover over the water requiring laborous winching/roping to get men in and out. The USAF M-X transport to replace the Combat Talons is defacto admittance that the V-22 is a miserable failure and 50 x USAF CV-22s might not be purchased if wiser heads in AFSOC weigh in on the issue.

MC-27J or MC-130J Pantobase NOW

Short of an expensive new M-X aircraft design that will take years, there is no reason why a tracked landing gear with Pantobase skis couldn't be fitted to a four-engined MC-130J Combat Talon propfan to fulfil the AFSOC need for an interim Special Operations M-X aircraft in the 2004-2007 time frame. If AFSOC is not interested, the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (160th SOAR) "Night Stalkers" should purchase twin-engined C-27J propfan Spartans with Pantobase skis, wing floats and sealed fuselage to land on water, snow and ice as well as short dirt strips. Right now 160th SOAR will land MH-47E Chinook helicopters into the water to launch/recover SOF units in Zodiac F470 rubber boats with outboard engines. The technique is called "Delta Queens". However as brilliant a design as the Frank Piasecki CH-47 is, its still a helicopter in the 150 mph/200 mile "box". 160th SOAR helicopters can in-flight refuel but this is problematic; getting adequate C-130 type tankers in position is not a sure thing nor even getting hooked up to refuel; consider the Blackhawk helicopter in the "Perfect Storm" that couldn't connect to the fuel nozzle due to severe weather winds and ran out of fuel, ditching into the sea.

Its clear that for long range missions across oceans, that U.S. Special Operations Command units need a fixed-wing seaplane to deliver and recover units in small boats as well as combat swimmers. If done with the Pantobase ski system, an USSOCOM seaplane could be a modified C-27J Spartan or C-130J Hercules aircraft type already in use by the U.S. military. A "MC-27J" or "MC-130J" seaplane could fly the entire mission under enemy radar, low over the water exploiting the curvature of the earth to evade detection, then land in the water to deploy combat swimmers and/or small boats or mini-subs. A seaplane would not need to pop up to parachute jump altitude (at least 250 feet) and break radar evasive flight profile. The ability to land in the water and be stationary is vital to safely delivering and recovering men, boats and even small amphibious tracked vehicles like M113 Amphigavins

www.oocities.org/armysappersforward/amphigavins.htm

Lockheed in the past has stated that for a Herk to land on the water its turboprop engines need to be inverted to keep sea spray out of the air intakes. The YC-123E had a simply sealed fuselage; it lost the ability of its rear ramp to open. If the simple watertight approach is used, a C-27J or C-130J seaplane would need redesigned side door or doors so SEAL team boat packages could be pushed out. Another possibility would be a shelf high up on the rear ramp so the upper cargo door could open for a boat platform to be pushed out above the waterline as the aircraft sits in the water. If the sealing at the rear ramp can be reliable and watertight enough for sea landings and still open-able for land operations, then loss of the rear ramp would only apply to sealanding deliveries; the USSOCOM seaplane could still parachute airdrop and STOL airland over the rear ramp. In the event the rear ramp cannot remain openable, the two side jump doors, perhaps one a larger cargo door type would enable paratroops and small cargoes to be airdropped. The wing pontoons necessary to keep the wings from dipping into the water could retract outward to the wingtips like on the PBY Catalina to reduce in flight aerodynamic drag.

The money already exists for MC-27J or MC-130J Pantobase seaplanes

The above modifications to a C-27J or C-130J would be SOF-unique and would be eligible for MFP11 funds from Congress. Perhaps after USSOCOM shows the rest of the U.S. military the benefits of the Pantobase kits, other potential users like the Coast Guard and the conventional USAF might equip some of their C-130s for rescue purposes. With the abandonment of Fulton Surface-To-Air (STAR) "Skyhook" recovery means on MC-130 Combat Talons in AFSOC, special and rescue operations have a void in their capabilities that could be partially filled by Pantobase landing capabilities.

Old Idea, new era = lives saved

The advent of MC-27J or MC-130J Pantobase seaplanes in U.S. military combat and rescue service would result in many lives saved both in peace and war. The return of the seaplane would open up many new mission options for planners to exploit the element of surprise which is hard to obtain in a world where everyone has a telephone and a computer to report military activity. For a very low cost, Pantobase seaplane kits could be developed and fielded to achieve these new capabilities. Its also very clear that we have only begun to utilize our fixed-wing aircraft capabilities and that the missing ingredient is LANDING GEAR technology that could make any grassy field a landing strip; tracked and air cushion landing gear could open up new, unbelievable places for access by fixed-wing aircraft. We have also not fully optimized the fixed-wing aircraft aerodynamics to need the shortest and slowest take-off runs via efficient Burnelli-type lifting fuselage designs. We think these capabilities have not been pursued due to a desire on the part of aviators who control budgets and which projects are funded to live pampered lives from fixed airbases. The full potential of fixed-wing aviation to enrich mankind is not being fulfilled due to an absurd selfish desire to avoid having to land on unimproved surfaces, and this has created another faction within aviation that seeks to land and take-off vertically through inefficient and sometimes dangerous, unsafe means in order to be more useful to mankind. We are over-compensating for fixed-wing aircraft design intransigence by looking towards mechanically over-complex and unsafe V/TOL means like the V-22 when all we often really need is a very good short take-off and landing capability and a little prior assault zone reconnaissance and elbow grease combat engineering to make a short runway.


TECHNOTACTICAL

Evading enemy MANPADS and air-burst RPGS, Camouflaged helicopters anyone?

By AVJ Staff

Imagine you were an Iraqi malcontent with a weapon in your hand.

What's wrong with this picture?

Why are U.S. Army helicopters in COMBAT in Iraq still painted dark green?

Look at the picture below:

Look at the HMMWV in TAN color on the left compared to the dark GREEN UH-60 on the right. Which is easier to spot, track and hit?

In light of the fact that small arms bullets and RPGs are the #1 threat to Army Aircraft in Iraq and VISUALLY AIMED its high time we get off our blessed assurances and PAINT THEM IN LIGHT TAN OR GRAY CAMOUFLAGE. If any AVJ readers have connections to persons in the Army with the clout to order this common sense fix, please contact them at once.

An Army Aviator "A" writes in:

"Because in combat we fly 75% of our missions at night and a tan or grey helo would look like the Goodyear blimp at the Super Bowl.

Compromise color schemes have been tested but you get the worst of both worlds.

The ultimate answer, is to have removable panels (Egg Shells) that can change the aircraft's appearance to fit the environment. These shells could also slightly impove the ugly drag associated with helos and even make a dent on RCS. Unfortunately our completely broken procurement system can't even get blade erosion kits for rotor blades. These color shells would weigh a lttle and thats not good because most of our helos are underpowered for the environments we are currently operating in. And would be a pain to put on and put off making undermanned aviation units that much more over-tasked.

Understood you could paint helos that operate during the day and night different colors, except many will do both, the dark paint is also excellent at absorbing IR signature, just look at an Army Helo under NVGs and you'll agree the paint is doing its job, but unfortunately the chemicals that you have to mix are extreme HAZMAT and can't be done in the field. So you either take a risk and paint some of your aircraft before they deploy or not."

EDITOR: well the dark green paint obviously ain't doing the job during the day. Get the lead out and get the needed HAZMAT paint facilities over in Iraq instead of a BS staff office tent city and paint tan/gray the number of helicopters that you know from the last several months are going to operate during the day time. Not flying during the day is NOT an option: we need Quick Reaction Force insertion/extraction capability.

Army Aviator "B" writes in defending the better camouflage proposal:

"As you can see the inference of the "money-thing" that Aviator "A" points out is an all encompassing factor. At least untill we rebuild the S&T community. It is the MIC that President Eisenhower warned of.

Aviator "A" does make a good point about night ops. With many of our missions now being done by day as well, it might be worth considering a "day" fleet that is sand/grey what ever to support the ops better.

I wish I had a astute answer for you.

I don't know.

However, now that I am living in the belly of the beast, I would guess that it is the standard reason; M-O-N-E-Y. Some bean counter is looking at the statistics and coming to the logical conclusion that we are only loosing one aircraft per ten thousand sortie. They have been shooting at us from day one... so it is not 'cost effective' to do so.

Too bad the enemy is not up on their 'logic'.

IF I were 'king for the day', I would also consider going with the grey that the USMC and USAF are using on helo's. From the perspective of the guy with the Mk.1 eyeball I am still 'up' in the sky, most of the time. The grey is hard to see. Sand or Brit pink is very effective as well."

OTHER NEWS:

http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/iraq_helicopter_tactics_dc

New Tactics for U.S. Helicopters in Iraq

By Charles Aldinger WASHINGTON (Reuters) -

U.S. military helicopter pilots in Iraq (news - web sites) have begun changing flight patterns and using other evasive tactics to reduce the chances of being shot down by missiles and other weapons fired by guerrillas, defense officials said on Friday.

"You can be certain that pilots are now taking different approaches to their tactics, techniques and procedures," one of the officials, who asked not to be identified, told Reuters. The official said that could include varying routes and schedules and sometimes flying very low and fast to throw off the aim of would-be attackers. They spoke in response to questions after a U.S. Black Hawk military helicopter crashed in Iraq on Friday, killing all six on board. Soldiers at a U.S. Army base near the crash site said it was probably downed by a rocket-propelled grenade. It was the third U.S. helicopter shot down in two weeks for an overall loss of 22 lives.

Defense officials said the military -- prompted by the downing of a U.S. CH-47 Chinook helicopter west of Baghdad by a missile with the loss of 16 troops over the weekend -- was also looking into how many helicopters in Iraq were equipped with defensive packages such as flares and metal chaff. "They are checking on those (protective) parts and the maintenance status of each aircraft," said one official. The Chinook was equipped with a package of counter-measures, including an AL-156 metal chaff dispenser and an M-130 device that distributes flares to counter heat-seeking missiles. But it was not known if the device was on at the time the chopper was downed by what might have been a Russian-made SA-7 shoulder-fired missile. The new tactics mark the latest round in a deadly tit-for-tat game of attack and defend by guerrillas and the military in an escalating and increasingly-sophisticated number of attacks on the U.S.-led military coalition in Iraq. The defense officials refused to be specific about new tactics used by U.S. pilots, but said that varying flight times and flying at night instead of during the day over certain areas could be among maneuvers.

U.S. Sen. Richard Durbin (news, bio, voting record), an Illinois Democrat, charged on Wednesday that some Illinois and Iowa National Guard aircraft in Iraq -- the Chinook's pilot was from Durbin's state -- lacked equipment to fend off surface-to-air missile attacks. Durbin said "reliable military sources" told him they had been battling to get anti-missile equipment and that helicopter crews had to scavenge items from other helicopters. A Pentagon (news - web sites) spokesman, Marine Capt. David Romley, told Reuters that "aircraft survivability equipment" was not routinely installed on helicopters and that it was the responsibility of military units commanders to install it.

Estimates suggest that Iraq had 5,000 to 7,000 portable missiles, predominantly SA-7s that are visually aimed and then home in on heat from an aircraft's exhaust. It is difficult to protect helicopters and other slow-flying aircraft from ground attack, but experts noted that rocket propelled grenades -- which are fired from a rifle -- as well as missiles are far from perfect. "An RPG is an unguided weapon and doesn't have much range at all. It is not designed to be used against a moving target such as an aircraft," one Army officer told Reuters at the Pentagon. "But a lucky shot is always possible." Shoulder-fired and other guided anti-aircraft missiles have a much longer range than RPGs, but also need a longer flight time to track targets using infrared heat-seeking warheads or radar.



GET INVOLVED!


WHAT CAN YOU DO ABOUT THE CURRENT MESS?

MESS ON THE GROUND: riding around in vulnerable rubber-tired wheeled HMMWV, FMTV and Stryker trucks when we have THOUSANDS of M113 Gavin light tracked Armored Fighting Vehicles:

You can sign the General Gavin petition if you haven't already done so to name the M113 after its creator:

General James M. Gavin Petition

Next, you can write your Senator/Congressmen and insist that the Army's last two Brigade combat teams are TRACKED so they are COMBAT capable and safe for our men to operate from. Particularly focus in on Senators Ted Stevens, Mary Landrieu and Inouye who seem only concerned with getting local "PORK" for their voters. Inform them they can have a IBCT in their state, but it must be composed of TRACKED COMBAT capable vehicles not rubber-tired Lav3Stryker deathtraps.

MESS IN THE AIR: where is the continuous 24/7/365 air cover over the Main Supply Route (MSR) in Iraq? The enemy is seeding the road with mines without having to fear for his life, then blowing up young, under 30, low-ranking truck drivers in vulnerable HMMWV, FMTV and soon Stryker trucks, killing a man a day.

In the same or better another letter, urge Congress to mandate that the U.S. Army have a fixed-wing, manned observation/attack capability beginning with transfer of ownership of A/T-37s at Davis-Monthan AFB and all technical information now stored at Hill AFB. Immediate purchase of Cessna 182 with Wren type STOL capabilities and eventually T-6B Texan II two-seat MANNED observation/attack aircraft to get 24/7/365 air coverage over the 325 km MSR in Iraq N-O-W.

Key representatives to contact are:

Vic Snyder-Arkansas, 2nd District
www.house.gov/snyder/

Washington, D.C. Office
1330 Longworth House Office Bldg
Washington, D.C. 20515
Phone: 202-225-2506 Fax: 202-225-5903 2nd District

Office in Arkansas
3118 Federal Bldg, 700 W. Capitol Ave
Little Rock, AR 72201
Phone: 501-324-5941 Fax: 501-324-6029
E-mail: snyder.congress@mail.house.gov

Solomon Ortiz-Texas 27th District
www.house.gov/ortiz/bio/b_military.shtml

2470 Rayburn Building
Washington, DC 20515 --- (202) 225-7742

Professional Military Education Hot Link

In light of the need for Special Operations and rescue seaplanes, U.S. Army Aviation Digest suggests reading:

CAPITAL SHIP FOR AN AIR NAVY

By Commander C. H. Liebhauser, U. S. Navy (Deceased)

SEPTEMBER 1957 U.S. Naval Institute PROCEEDINGS

Seaplane transports web page: scroll to bottom for CDR Liebhauser's superb article

Return to Main Page, click here

Staff, U.S. Army Aviation Journal