Bilateral forces: push and pull factors; emigrants vs. immigrants

Chichimecas

1500 to 1850: "small breeze"

1870s to 1910: "El Porfiriato"

1910 to 1917: Mexican Revolution

1920s to 30s: Roaring Twenties to the Great Depression

1940s: The Bracero Program

1950s to the present: Operation Wetback to Operation Gatekeeper

Closure: dependency and no bilateral policy

3. Immigration as "Restrictive and Limiting"

The Colonial and Constitutional experience

Contract Labor Law 1864

Exclusionary laws: Chinese & Japanese

The Immigration Act of 1917

The Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

The National Origins Act of 1924

1966 Immigration Act

Employer Sanction

Guest worker program

National Identification cards

Militarize border