Medieval Spain Timeline |
711 Conquest of Iberia by Tariq, lieutenant-governor of North Africa 714 Muslims extend their dominion as far north as the Ebro River 718 Conquest of Barcelona 722 Pelayo defeats Muslims at Covadonga; father to Alfonso I 732 Charles Martel stops Muslim advance at the Battle of Tours (Poitiers) 750 Asturias established under Alfonso I 756 Capture of Córdoba & establishment of amirate by Abd al Rahman I 778 Fall of Zaragoza; Charlemagne's army defeated at Roncesvalles 781 Carolingians establish Spanish March in Catalonia 793 Last Muslim attack north of the Pyrenees 801 Carolingians take Barcelona ca. 830 "Discovery" of the tomb of St. James the Great at Compostela; Establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias 800-850 Christians resettle in northern Spain 850-859 Christian martyr movement in Cordoba 878 Defeat of Muslims by Alfonso III at Valdemora 880-929 Revolt against Umayyad rule by Ibn Hafsun and sons 929 Al-Rahman III establishes caliphate 939 Siege of Babosa 976 vizier Al-Mansur rules caliphate (in deed, not in name) 997 Sack of Santiago de Compostela by al-Mansur 1009-1031 Fall of caliphate, civil war in al-Andalus ushers in Taifa period 1000-35 Reign of Sancho the Great: turning point in reconquest; creation of a crusading ideology for the reconquest; encouragement of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela; feudal ideas begin to take hold in Iberia; monasteries and nunneries proliferate; Sancho reconquers León and makes it his capital in 1034 1031-1212 Establishment of the Taífa kingdoms: roughly 23 petty kings who ruled as tributaries of Christian kings and queens (most important include Córdoba, Seville, Toledo, Zaragoza) 1035 Beginning of Almoravid movement in North Africa 1038 Battle of Alfuente (small and inconsequential except Samuel HaNagid had some stake in it); Fernando I unites Castile and Leon only to separate them 1066 Jewish massacre in Granada 1080 Council of Burgos establishes Roman Rite in Valencia 1085 Capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of Castile 1086 Responding to Muslim cry for help, Almoravids establish rule in Al-andalus 1094 Capture of the city of Valencia by Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ("El Cid"); reconquered by Muslims in 1102 1095 Pope Urban II incites first crusade 1108 Almoravids defeat Christians at Uncles 1118 Almoravids conquer Zaragoza; Pope Gelasius II issues bull of crusade to Spanish kings; Capture of Zaragoza by Alfonso I of Aragón 1128 Alfonso Henriques rules Portugal 1137 Aragon and Catalonia united by diplomatic marriage 1147 Capture of Santarém and Lisbon by Afonso Henriques of Portugal; Capture of Almería by Alfonso VII of Castile and Ramon Berenguer of Aragón-Catalonia; Almohads arrive in al-Andalus from N. Africa, expel Jews who flee to the Christian north. 1157 Muslims retake Almeria 1212 The "Crusade" of Las Navas de Tolosa : Alfonso VIII of Castile (allied with Alfonso IX of León, Sancho I and Alfonso II of Portugal, and French knights under banner of crusade) defeated Muslims, led by Miramamolín from Córdoba 1229 Aragonese, led by Jaume I, capture Mallorca 1236 Capture of Córdoba by Fernando III of Castile 1240 Capture of the Muslim kingdom of Valencia by Jaume I of Aragón 1248 Capture of Seville by Fernando III of Castile 1492 Capture of Granada by Isabel and Fernando |