by Piyaporn Hawiset
16 January 2003
Edible bananas maightdisappear within a decade if urgent action is not taken to develop new varieties resistant to blight. A Belgian scientist leading research into the fruit loved by millions, and a staple for much of the world's poor, warned that diseases and pests were steadily encroaching upon crops. The problem is that the banana we eat is a seedless, sterile article which could slip the way of its predecessor which was wiped out by blight in the mid-1950s.
But Dr Emile Frison, who heads the French-based International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP), said the biotechnology and genetic manipulation it might take to save it could put off consumers with GM concerns. The Cavendish banana now being eaten across the globe lacks genetic diversity, he argued in an article in New Scientist magazine, and its survival was now threatened by:
- Panama disease, caused by a soil fungus, which wiped out the Gros Michel
variety in the 1950s;
- Black Sigatoka, another fungal disease which has reached global epidemic
proportions; and
- Pests invading plantations and farms in central America, Africa and Asia
alike.
New Scientist compared the current threat to bananas to the potato blight which caused the devastating Irish famine of the 1840s.
GM fears
Fungicides were proving increasingly ineffective against the diseases, and black Sigatoka especially.
"As soon as you bring in a new fungicide, they develop resistance," Dr Frison said. "One thing we can be sure of is that the Sigatoka won't lose in this battle."
A global consortium of scientists led by Dr Frison in 2002 announced plans to sequence the genetic blueprint of the banana within five years. They would focus on largely inedible wild bananas, which are full of hard seeds, since many of these are resistant to black Sigatoka. But the team's work was being hampered by a lack of support from the large producers, who fear that consumers would not accept a GM banana.
The Belgian scientist, who is based in Montpellier in southern France, pointed out that the research would be directed towards bananas eaten in Africa, where consumption is up to 50 times greater than that in a nation like Great Britain.
"Work on the banana genome will be concentrated on finding ways to improve the varieties on which Africans depend for their survival, rather than the one you and I buy off supermarket shelves," he said.