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I
discovered the Belgrad Forest outside İstanbul just a few years ago.
Although I had long been familiar with the name from sports news items as
the place where football teams went to train, I had never imagined that it
was near İstanbul. Years later when I visited İstanbul and looked
for a place to walk and jog in the fresh air, I found myself in the very
forest where I had watched football teams exercising on television. It
was thanks to Süleyman the Magnificent that the city of Belgrade found
itself transported in name to a forest north of İstanbul. In 1521 Sultan Süleyman
returned from his campaign in Serbia with large numbers of Serbian prisoners
of war. As part of the policy of reviving former Byzantine period villages
and establishing new ones around the capital, the Serbs were settled on land
near the former village of Ayvat, and their village was called Belgrad. In
time this name came to be used for the forest in which the village was
situated. At that time the forest was vast, covering approximately 13,000 hectares. Although diminished somewhat today, it is still astonishing to newcomers to the city to discover an extensive forest of ancient tall trees right on its outskirts. Even more astonishing is that encyclopedias published as recently as the 1980s still describe the forest as being ‘20 kilometers out of İstanbul’, seemingly unaware of how the city has grown. The trees themselves must be the most surprised to find 30 and 35 storey skyscrapers right on their doorstep. The
first measures to protect the forest date from the time of Sultan Süleyman.
At that time the Belgrad Forest was of strategic importance as the main
source of water for the city, and visitors become aware of this function
before they even reach the forest, as they pass historic aqueducts which fed
the water to different parts of the city. Water from the numerous springs
and streams in the forest was channeled into the city, and as the demand
increased over the centuries dams known as ‘bent’ were built to collect
the water. The Büyük or Great Bent dating from 1719 and the Topuzlu Bent
from 1722 increased the importance of the forest’s water supply still
further, and they were followed by the Valide Bent, the Mahmut II Bent, Kömürcü
Bent, Kirazlı Bent and Karanlık Bent, which are still in use today,
although no longer a crucial part of İstanbul’s water supply. The
city’s population has risen so rapidly over the last few decades - and
water consumption with it - that the water from here is sufficient only for
two or three days’ needs. The
protected status of the forest granted in the 16th century continued right
through into the 20th century - a piece of good fortune rare in Turkish
history. In 1894 an imperial edict was issued ordering the resettlement of
Belgrad village elsewhere because of the environmental pollution it was
causing, and prohibiting tree felling in the forest. French and Armenian residents of İstanbul were among the first to popularize the forest as a place to spend the summers. When epidemics hit the central district of Beyoğlu in the hot weather, many foreigners attached to the embassies would move here to enjoy the shade of the forest and the breezes off the Black Sea. Faik Yaltırık, the famous Turkish botanist, explains in the İstanbul Encyclopedia that just as Kağıthane at the end of the Golden Horn was the most popular excursion spot for the Turks of İstanbul, so the Belgrad Forest was for foreign residents in the city. Kağıthane’s days as an excursion place of meadows and woodland are long since over modern transportation has made distances shorter, and roads have improved. As the infantry and cavalry divisions of the past became motorized, so the general public began to invade the forest. In 1956 the first picnic areas were established around the Neşet spring and around the dams, and today there are seven picnic areas. This is a deciduous forest consisting primarily of oak, three species of which make up three quarters of the total. The next most common trees are the oriental birch, common hornbeam and Anatolian chestnut. The forest is home to no less than 71 species of bird and 18 mammals. Since hunting is forbidden here wildlife flourishes, and if you stroll into the quiet areas away from the picnickers you will hear many sounds of which you were not aware before, like the rustle of a weasel stepping on a dry twig as it creeps through the undergrowth. A snake may glide past your feet intent on catching a frog which leaping for its life from its hunter. Foxes and wolves only make their appearance in the late hours and in the most remote spots. Wild boar emerges from the forest to sniff out their supper in the city rubbish dumps, and numbers of my friends have seen deer when jogging in the depths of the forest. There
is a jogging circuit through the forest for the energetic. It begins at the
fountain from which the Neşet spring gushes, where picnickers with plastic
containers form long queues to fill them with the fine tasting spring water.
The path circles round Büyük Bent and back, making a total length of 6.5
kilometers. At intervals along the way are 17 pieces of exercise apparatus.
But choosing the right friends to exercise with is as important as choosing
the right form of exercise, as I discovered the hard way after being
persuaded by friends to run 18 kilometers. Mistaking my sense of fitness for
the real thing, I eagerly joined them, and am at the present moment I feel
all my muscles have pain. |