1. Organic compounds must contain CARBON
2. Carbon always makes 4 covalent bonds (wide variety compds)
3. Molecular formulas show exact numbers of atoms
4. Structural formulas show the structure
5. Empirical formulas show lowest whole number ratio of atoms
6. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen
7. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds
8. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have 1 double or 1 triple bond
9. Properties of organic compounds include:
A. low melting points and boiling points due to weak imf’s because they are mostly nonpolar molecules
B. M.P. and B.P. increase with GFM b/c imf’s increase with increasing numbers of electrons
C. Slow reaction rates due to strong covalent bonds
D. Catalysts are often used to speed rxn rates
E. they are insoluble in water due to polarity differences
10. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n+2
11. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n . Alkenes have 1 double bond between carbon atoms
12. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n-2. Alkynes have 1 triple bond.
13. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. There must be at least 4 C atoms to have an isomer. The more C atoms the more potential isomers.
14. Naming rules for organic compounds are in your review book on page 160-1.
15. Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that give organic compounds unique properties and names. Table R
16. Monohydroxy alcohols have 1 hyroxy group etc.
17. Primary alcohols have the hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only 1 other carbon atom
18. Secondary alcohols have the hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms. Tertiary alcohol?
19. Ethylene glycol aka antifreeze is a special dihydroxy alcohol
20. Glycerol aka 1,2,3 propanetriol is a special trihydroxy alcohol.
21. Esters smell good and are produced from the reaction of an organic acid and an alcohol. You must be able to name, draw, and create, from a reaction, an ester.
22. Organic acids are the only organic molecules that are electrolytes.
23. Amino acids contain an acid group and an amino group
24. Alkanes only do substitution reactions
25. Alkenes and alkynes do addition reactions. They become saturated as a result.
26. Fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide
27. Saponification produces soap and glycerol from a base and fat.
28. Polymeriztion makes large chains of molecules from many single same type molecules. Usually water is removed (condensation).
29. Distillation can be used to separate hydrocarbons based on differing boiling points.