The enfolding of interrelated centripetal and centrifugal forces results in time, space, and motion going either towards the macrocosm or towards the microcosm. The infinite dimensions of synclinal folds result in what we construe as the infinite divisibility of time, space, and motion. The movement towards the microcosm is towards a point of extinction of matter in our segue, and the movement towards the macrocosm is from a point of origination of matter in our segue. These movements are sychronous and result from the enfolding of force with form.

Entropy and black holes are generally considered unique in contemporary science. There are no fields in contemporary science that has been subjected to such confused analyses, with a nearly universal failure to understand the phenomenolgy of synclinal folds and with what science treat as entropy in relationship with black holes, with the second law of thermodynamics, and with the geometric theory of gravitation by Albert Einstein. Phenomena based upon an underlying aesthetics and simplicity have been treated with convoluted nonesense arising from unproved presuppositions and failure to understand self-evident processes of the enfolding universe. This article is intended to shed needed light on phenomena that even the brilliant Stephen Hawking, whom the author greatly admires, has only contributed to confusion (see "The Quantum Mechanics of Blackholes," by Stephen W. Hawking; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, January 1977).

Under quantum physics, it was generally believed that black holes did not have output. In Hawkin`s analysis, the radiation from a black hole was random and contained no information of what went in. This loss of information was difficult to explain since the laws of quantum mechanics were generally laws of the preszervation of information. Some scientists, such as Leonard Susskind of Sanford University, John Presskill of the California Institute of Technology and Gerard `t Hooft of the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands argued that the output is not random but is a processed form of what went in {see "Black Holes and the Information Paradox," by Leonard Susskind; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, April 1997}. By the summer of 2004, Hawkin accepted the views of Professor Susskind.

Information theory is now being applied to black holes that are being treated as a form of a computer. (see "Black Holes Computers," by Seth Lloyd and Y. Jack Ng; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, November 2004}. Under this approach, all physical systems store information, and by evolving in time they process that information. If information can escape from black holes, a black hole would necessarily comput, with the size of its memory space being treated as proportional to the square of its computation rate. A black hole without quantum effects would destroy and not process information.

Under the enfolding universe with its synclinal folds black holes would necessarily be treated as storing and processing information. The enfolding universe has infinite dimensions, with what we construe as black holes having not only infinite dimensions not also infinite divisibibity in time, space, and motion, with movements towards both the microcosm and the macrocosm. The universe itself is a form of a computer, with many aspects of the universe having computing features.

The analysis of the universe in terms of bits and bytes does not replace an analysis of the universe as the enfolding of force and form. But,even though not properly used, information theory, as discussed below, has led to new insights in cosmology and fundamental physics as well as the nature of black holes. The reason for this fact is that information theory generally recognizes, even if unwittingly, many features of the enfolding universe.

The second law of thermodynamics is to the effect that the entropy of an isolated system remains constant and usually increases. In other words, most processes of nature are believed to be irreversibe: a plate falls to the floor and shatters and we know of no way that the shattered pieces by their own accord can assembly themselves into a plate again. Thus, the second law of thermodynamics forbids inverse processes. The example of the shattered plate, however, in no way whatsoever establishes that the "entrophy" remains constant. It assumes the presupposition that an issolated system exists and that processes resulted from points of origination are non-exisyent. Since it is asserted that energy cannot be created nor destroyed under the first law of thermodynamics, energy is believed to be constantly becoming entropy or dead energy. The synclinmal folds that give rise to energy are ignored or treated as non-existent. Newton formulated his law of thermodynamics as a basis for his mathematical equations, and it is extremely unlikely that Newton himself believed in their absolute validity. They were merely convenient suppositions used to explain the Newtonian mathematics. In the enfolding universe matter is constantly being originated and extinguished, and it is meaningless to inquire whether a particilar process is or is not reversible. These processes of origination and extinction are going on concurrently.

Black holes are generaly not recognized as inherent in the enfolding universe and are generally treated as a consequence of the geometric theory of gravity by Albert Einstein. Under the general theory of relativity it is generally believed that gravitation arises from the curvature of spacetime, which makes objects move as if they were pulled by a force. This is not the general theory of relativity by Einstein. Einstein believed that an object was the curvature of spacetime and its movement was a part of the curvature of spacetime. A thing was not an object residing in spacetime and was not an object engaged in movement in spsce time. It was spacetime. Einstein in effect used geometry to replace the concept of ether. The geometry of spacetime is not an unit of space and time, and this geometry is similar to the concept of centripetal and centrifugal forces in the enfolding universe. Geometry acts as a force that leads to the manifestation of energy and as a material object under both the General Theory of Relativity and the Unified Theory. Under a misinterpretation of general relativity it is believed that sufficienty dense concentration of matter and energy will curve spacetime so extremely that it rends and forms a black hole. Under general relativity, the blackhole is the curvature of spacetime and its event horizon is only relative to the point of view of an observer. Under general relativity geometry replaces ether and under the Unified Theory force replaces ether. Spacetime under general relativity was clearly not a phenomenon that radiates, has energy, or engages in motion. It is clearly a force, even though Einstein failed to follow through on many of the ramifications of his concept of spacetime. In postulating the equivalency between acceleration and gravity Einstein recogned not only gravity as a force but also acceleration as a force. This was an act of genius on the part of Einstein. Einstein clearly recognized that acceleration was not motion and was not radiant energy but was a force. This conclusion of general relativity is seldom recognized or understood by the authors of numerous treatises on general relativity.

The enfolding universe has no need at all for the laws of thermodynamics, and these laws are inconsistent with the postulates and hypotheses of the Unified Theory that establishes the enfolding universe..The enfolding universe is based upon the constant origination of matter and its constant extinction. Phenomena are infinitely divisible in patterns of organization going from the microcosm to the macrocosm. There is necessareily an infinite number of points of orgination and of extrinction. The central force point of the Milky Way is a point of extinction but other galazies have central force points of origination. In our galaxy the speed of revolution of objects speed up as the reach the central force point but in a centripetal galaxy the speed of revolution increases with distance from the point of origination. But our milky way also has many points of origination as well as many points of extunction. It is only that the central force point of our galaxy is one of extinction. By chance, there would be an equal number of galaxies with central force points of origination as there would be of galaxies with central force points of extinction. Any point in space-time has an equal chance of being a point of extiction or of origination. Under the Unified Theory, a black hole is reached when the centrifugal, extinctive forces arrives at the event horizon, which would be determined by the frequency of the photon of light. Since in the solar system the speed of revolution of a planet increases with its decrease in distance from the Sun, the Sun necessarily has at its center a black hole. The planet Earth would also have at its center a black hole. Even though the Milky Way has at its center a black hole, the Miky Way would necessarily have about one half of its stars with a point of origination at the center of a star instead of a black hole.

Some physicists from supposed properties of blach holes have deduced absolute limits on how much information a region of space or a quantum of matter can hold. Under the unified theory a black hole would necessarily hold an infinitude of information. The imposition of limits to information contained in a black hole would be based upon the presupposition that the black hole is only finitely divisible. Entropy that had been a central concept of thermodynamics became a concept of information theory. The Austrian physicist Ludwug Boltzmann in 1877 characterized entropy in terms of the number of distinct microscopic states that the particles composing a chunk of matter could be in while appearing like the same macroscopic chunch of matter. For example, for the entropy for the air in a room, the number of ways that individual gas molecules could be distributed in the room would be counted along with all the ways they could be moving.

In 1948 the American applied mathematician Claude E. Shannon introduced the concept of entropy into information theory, which is now the most widely used measure of information content. By using a formula with the same form as Boltzmann~s, the Shannon entropy of a message would be the number of binary digits, or bits, needed to encode it. Shannon entropy has little to say about the value of information, and is highly dependent upon context. It has been very useful in science and technology as an objective measure of the quantity of information. Modern communicatuon devices, from cellular phones to modems to compact-disc players, utilize Shannpn entropy.

Thermodyamic and Shannon entropies are conceptionally equivalent, which the number of arrangements that are counted by Boltzmann entropy reflecting the amount of Shannon information needed to implement any partucular arrangement. The two entropies have definite differences. Thermodymamic entropy is expressed in units of energy divided by temperrature and Shannon entropy is expressed in bits and is essentially dimensionless. But this difference is only a matter of convention.

Since it is generally believed that it is impossible to determine what is inside a black hole, some scientists believe that information theory comes into play to determine attributes of the contents of the black hole. In reality a black hole is a part of a segue microscopic to our segue, and under the unified theory the laws of nature are the same for all segues, whether macroscopic or microscopic to our segue. The mass of any segue as an unit of manifestation is finite but any segue necessarily contains within itself an infinite number of segues and infinite mass. For this reason, information theory is not appropriately used to determine characteristics of the contents of a black hole. Relative to the segue macroscopic to our segue, we are in a black hole and from the study of our own segue we can determine the characteristics of all segues. As in special relativity Einstein determined that the laws of nature of any coordinate system are the same as the laws of nature of all coordinate systems, under the unified theory the laws of nature of any segue are the same as the laws of nature of all segues. Our segue goes from what scientists treat as the frequency of a photon of kight to what scientists treat as the velocity of light. Its microscopic horizon is set by the frequency of light. We cannot be aware of a photon unless we can observe it. Our segue`s macroscopic horizon is determined by what we treat as the velocity of light, which is really derived from the increasing acceleration of phenomena form each other in our segue. When the apparent recession of phenomena from each other exceeds the calculated velocity of light, the light from these receding patterns of oranization will never reach us and the phenomena will not be a part of our segue. Since light is a force and its acceleration is equally a force, when light reaches a state of acceleration from which the mythical velocity of light is calculated, it passes from our segue and enters the segue macroscopic to our segue.

Hawking is believed to have demonstrated in 1974 that a black hole spontaneously emits thermal radiationb by a quantam process, now known as Hawking radiation. See "The Quantum Mechanics of Black Holes, by Stephen W. Hawking, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, January 1977. Under the unified theory, the black hole does not emit thermal radiation but the inward centrifugal forces are coupled with outward centripetal forces, and the inter-relations among these outward forces then give rise to the thermal radiation. It must be stressed that within what scientists term a black hole both originating and extinguishing forces are taking place, and matter is constantly being originated and terminated by these forces. However, when the microscopic horizon is reached, matter as such does not pass from the microscopic segue to the macrascopic segue as thermal radiation. Clearly thermal radiation in a segue microscopic to our segue could not become thermal radiation in our segue. What passes from the microscopic segue in our segue are centripel forces that, in turn, give rise to what Hawkins treated as thermal radiation from black holes.

The generalized second law of thermodynamics, or GSL for short, is the conjecture of Jacob Bekenstein that when matters falls into a black hole, the increase in black hole entropy always compensates or overcompensates for the "lost" entropy of matter. See the article "Information in the Holographic Universe", by Jacob D. Bekenstein, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, August 2003. Bekensteun believes that theoretical results about black holes suggest that the universe could be like a gigantic hologram. Since the suggestion that the universe could be like a gigantic hologram is based upon unproved presuppositions of the nature of black holes, and since these presuppositions are refuted by the unified theory, it is unlikely that the universe is holographic.

There is really no mystery at all concerning black holes. A black hole is a finite unit of manifestation with microscopic and macrascopic horizons. Athough finite as an unit of manifestation, or as a quantum of expression, it contains within itself an infinite number of quanta, or units of manifestation. To speak of things falling into a black hole is absurd nonesense. Matter necessarily moves towards a force point of extinction. Matter arising from centrifugal forces necessarily moves from a force point of origination. The result of these two movements is that the average density of matter within a segue remains constant. The theory that black holes could emit thermal radiation is even inconsistent with the prevalent belief that matter in a black hole is highly dense. Why would such a black hole emit thermal radiation? Would not the adhesive forces of the black hole make the emission of energy impossible? In any event, it is clear that a black hole could not and does not emit thermal radiation. A black hole results from the quantization of nanifestation within the universe. It is a given that man must accept.

© Wilson Ogg