and

THE UNIFIED THEORY

of

WILSON OGG

Geometrical optics is the application of so-called laws of reflection and refraction of light in the design of lenses and other optical components of lenses. For the branch of optics on the nature of light, please see the paper entitled The Nature of Light. Great progress has been made in the design of lenses, even though the theoretical presuppositions underlying that progress are serious flawed. Geometrical optics is an excellent example of a field involving major achievements in applied technics, even though the explanation of that achievement is faulty.

The design features of lenses that are construed in terms of presupposition concerning reflection and refraction of light are successful for the reason that these design features affect the operations of force fields comprised of centripetal and centrifugal forces extending from what optical scientists treat as the transmitter of a photon of light to the human brain. The presupposition of lightwaves undergoing reflection and refraction are clearly unfounded but these presuppositions have been useful in the manufacture of optical devices for the reason that attributes of force fields can be improperly construed as attributes of lightwaves.

A general principle of geometrical optics is to the effect that if a light ray that is treated as traveling through one homogeneous medium is incident on the surface of a second homogenous medium, part of the light is deflected and a part may enter the second medium as the refracted ray and may or may not undergo absorption in the second medium. This principle is convoluted and is based upon confusion as to what is actually taking place. Under the Enfolding Universe matter`s response to light as an active force would necessarily take place. No light wave is actually traveling from one location to another location. The media would necessarily relate in differing ways to their being parts of active forces. The active force in one medium is an entirely different active force than the active force in another medium, even though they may superficially share ingredients in common. The convoluted description is based upon, first, the presupposition that contrary to fact that light is radiant energy and not an active force and, second, another presupposition that differences in active forces are a result of travel of particles of light from one medium to another.

In the event, under this general principle of the geometry of optics, the so-called light ray is treated as being absorbed by the second medium, what is actually occurring is that the second medium has entered into relationship with which, with other ingredients, an active force arises. The conventional explanation is labored, contrived, and convoluted. By the failure to understand how light as an active force operates, an unwarranted presupposition requires a superstructure of presuppositions to explain the simple operation of active forces.

A derivative presupposition is to the effect that the amount of light reflected depends on the ratio of the refractive indexes of the two media. Under this presupposition, differences in active forces are subject to measurement by a so-called refractive index. The plane of incident is said to contain the incident ray and the normal, which is a line perpenducular to the surface at the point of incident. The angle of incidence, reflection or refraction, is the angle between the incident, reflected or refracted, and the normal. This is a means of treating differences between active forces as an angle of incidence.

Under the laws of reflection, the angle of incident is stated to be equal to the angle of reflection and that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Thus, a convoluted superstructure has become necessary to describe the differencs between active forces in two media. It would be more simple to measure the differences directly instead of using measures based upon a superstructure that, in turn, is based upon a misunderstanding of what is actually occurring.

If the second surface is a mirror, it is said to produce a reflected image. In the Enfolding Universe a mirror clearly does not produce a reflected image but is the means of converting recessional forces towards the macrocosm to recessional forces to the microcosm and of converting recessional forces towards the microcosm to recessional forces to the macrocosm. A mirror is a device of reversing recessional forces. Where the mirror is flat, the image of the object appears to lie behind the mirror at a distance equal to the distance between the object and the surface of the mirror. The image in the mirror is explained in terns of assumptions applying to reflected objects, which do accurately describe images in mirrors but the descrption is apparent only. The description is an accurate description of how mirrors reverse recessional forces, even though based upon false assumptions as to reflected rays of light.

The Dutch mathematician, Willebrod Von Roijen (1591-1626), formuled the following law named after him: The product of the refractive index and the sin of the angle of incidence of a ray in one medium is equal to the product of the refractive index and the sine of the angle of refraction in successive media, and the incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the boundary at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. This law is a way of describing the differences between active forces in successuve nedia.

It is said that as a result of refraction an object in water appears closer to the water`s surface than it really is. The ray from the object is said to be refracted at the surface, thereby naking the object appear closer. The reason, however, that the object appears closer to the water surface is that the active forces differ in the two media, with the active force in the denser medium being of lesser intensity than the active force in the less dense medium. The lesser intensity of the force necessarily makes the object appear, to an observer in the less dense medium, closer to the water surface. To an observer in a more dense medium, the object would appear further from the surface between media than it really is.

When the active force of light is manifested in all directions, light is said to be unpolarized. If the active force of light is only linearly manifested, the light is said to be polarized. When the active force in manifested in a limited number of directions, the light is said to be partially polarized. The active forces underlying light may be limited for many reasons, including the availability of ingredients that may become componants of an active force.

Interference between active forces might lead to an active force becoming inoperative or with its operative effect considerably weakened. The conventional explanation of interference is based upon the presupposition that when two light beams cross, they may interfere or interact in such a way that the resultant intensity pattern is affected. It is said that the degree of coherence, or waves in phase and of one wavelength, is related to the ability of waves to produce a steady state that depends on the phase relationship of successive wave fronts remaining constant with time. The active forces giving rise to light as a phenomenon may differ in intensity and in their compatibility with one another but these differences are not difference that arise in time but are differences in the synchronous manifestation of the active forces underlying light as a phemonenon.

In common light sources, such as incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and neon lamps, the atoms are treated as producing light by spontaneous emission, with the radiation said to be coherent. As discussed immediate above under Interference, coherence occurs when the atoms produce waves that are in phase and are of one wavelength. It is believed that "stimulated" emission occurs when a sufficient number of atoms have "absorbed" energy, exciting them into appropriate states of higher energy. In reality, the phenomenology termed stimulated energy is much more consistent with the assumption that light is an active force than the assumption that it is radiant energy. The presupposition of radiant energy thereafter requires presuppositions of absorption of energy and of excitement to a higher energy state in order to get around phenomenology more consistent with light`s being an active force than a form of radiant energy.

It is claimed that light of a given wavelength can produce additional light with the same phase and direction of the original wavelength, with the newly produced light being coherent. Thus, it is believed that stimulated emission can amplify the amount of radiation having a given wavelength, with the radiation having a very narrow beam spread and a long coherent path. What is really happening is that interaction between active forces may not only be weakened as in the case of interference but may also be strenthened and increased by factors furthering the expansion of the force field underlying the manifestation of light. The conventional theory assumes without explanation that matter produces matter in its underpinnings of the presupposition of stimulated emission. The natural and inherent expansion of the force field of light as an active force is ignored, and replaced by a superstructure of presuppositions based upon presuppositions.

When a gas or a solid is to be "excited", it must be contained or shaped to form an interferometer in which it is believed that the wavelenght that is being amplified is reflected back and forth many times. No reflection is actually taking place, but the interferometer is a device that could result in either the expansion of an existing force field or in the establishment of newly emergent force fields.

Maser is an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, and laser is an acronym for light amplication by stimulated emission of radiation. When optical frequencies are believed to be amplified by stimulated emission, the term laser is used. Both masers and lasers give rise to forms of active forces, with the active forces being highly intense but limited in their operative force fields.

Pumping is stated to be the "energizing" of a large number of atom to be in the appropriate upper state. It is believed that pumping may be either optical or electrical. As discussed in the paper The Earth, Moon, and Tidal Waters, an energy-less transfer of energy may take place between force fields in resonance with one another, but active forces should not be confused with such transfers of energy. Pumping is effective in the transfer of energy but it is in no way capable of "energizing" force fields. Nothing is being "energized", even though energy may be transferred from one system to another. A laser beam is a very effective system of transferring energy, allowing the intense narrow beam of the laser to have practical application in surgery and in the cutting of metals.

The so-called absolute phase of light cannot be directly detected physically. The reason for this inability to detect an absolute phase of light is that it does not exist. Scientists decided to utilize a "reference beam" believed to be coherent with the beam illuminating the object. The reference beam is believed to interfere with the defraction pattern and to provide phase information.

A hologram is believed to be a photographic record of the interference between a reference beam and the defraction pattern of an object. In actuality it is a photographic record of the resonance of patterns of centripetal and cemtrifugal forces with one another, which is a photographic record of resonating force fields. The reference beam illuminates the photographic plate, often by way of a mirror or a lense, and a second beam illuminates the object, which is believed to form a defraction pattern on the photographic plate. When the processed hologram is illuminated by coherent light, not necessarily of the same "wavelenght" that was used to make the hologram, the image of the object is reconstructed, and a three-dimensional image can be obtained. Under the Enfolding Universe the three-dimensional image is readily explained as resonating force fields. There is no need to make presuppositions on light`s being radiant energy, on the effect of reference beams, and on images being "reconstructed."

©Wilson Ogg